References
Ang YS, Tsai SY, Lee DF, et al. (2011) Wdr5 mediates self‐renewal and reprogramming via the embryonic stem cell core transcriptional network. Cell 145: 183–197.
Eguizabal C, Aran B, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, et al. (2019) Two decades of embryonic stem cells: a historical overview. Human Reproduction Open 2019: 1–17.
Fernández‐Arroyo S, Cuyàs E, Bosch‐Barrera J, et al. (2015) Activation of the methylation cycle in cells reprogrammed into a stem cell‐like state. Oncoscience 2: 958–967.
Fleming TP, Watkins AJ, Velazquez M, et al. (2018) Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences. The Lancet 391: 1842–1852.
Formisano TM and Van Winkle LJ (2016) At least three transporters likely mediate threonine uptake needed for mouse embryonic stem cell proliferation. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 4: 17.
Fuchs BC and Bode BP (2005) Amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer: partners in crime? Seminars in Cancer Biology 15: 254–266.
Gallo LA, Tran M, Moritz KM, Jefferies AJ and Wlodek ME (2012) Pregnancy in aged rats that were born small: cardiorenal and metabolic adaptations and second‐generation fetal growth. The FASEB Journal 26: 4337–4347.
Gardner RL (2000) Flow of cells from polar to mural trophectoderm is polarized in the mouse blastocyst. Human Reproduction 15: 694–701.
González IM, Martin PM, Burdsal C, et al. (2012) Leucine and arginine regulate trophoblast motility through mTOR‐dependent and independent pathways in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Developmental Biology 361: 286–300.
Gong L, Pan YX and Chen H (2010) Gestational low protein diet in the rat mediates Igf2 gene expression in male offspring via altered hepatic DNA methylation. Epigenetics 5: 619–626.
Hediger MA, Romero MF, Peng J‐B, et al. (2004) The ABC's of solute carriers: physiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic implications of human membrane transport proteins. Pflügers Archiv–European Journal of Physiology 447: 465–468.
Hediger MA, Clemencon B, Burrier RE and Bruford EA (2013) The ABC's of membrane transporters in health and disease (SLC series): introduction. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 34: 95–107.
Hovatta O, Mikkola M, Gertow K, et al. (2003) A culture system using human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells allows production of human embryonic stem cells. Human Reproduction 18: 1404–1409.
Hoyo C, Murtha AP, Schildkraut JM, et al. (2011) Methylation variation at IGF2 differentially methylated regions and maternal folic acid use before and during pregnancy. Epigenetics 6: 928–936.
Idris Anas MA, Hammer MA, Lever M, Stanton JA and Baltz JM (2007) The organic osmolytes betaine and proline are transported by a shared system in early preimplantation mouse embryos. Journal of Cellular Physiology 210: 266–277.
Kilberg MS, Terada N and Shan J (2016) Influence of amino acid metabolism on embryonic stem cell function and differentiation. Advances in Nutrition 7: 780S–789S.
Lillycrop KA and Burdge GC (2011) Epigenetic changes in early life and future risk of obesity. International Journal of Obesity 35: 72–83.
Lister R, Pelizzola M, Dowen RH, et al. (2009) Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature 462: 315–322.
Martin PM, Sutherland AE and Van Winkle LJ (2003) Amino acid transport regulates blastocyst implantation. Biology of Reproduction 69: 1101–1108.
Master JS, Thouas GA, Harvey AJ, et al. (2015) Low female birth weight and advanced maternal age programme alterations in next‐generation blastocyst development. Reproduction 149: 497–510.
Padmanabhan N, Jia D, Geary‐Joo C, et al. (2013) Mutation in folate metabolism causes epigenetic instability and transgenerational effects on development. Cell 155: 81–93.
Ryu JM and Han HJ (2011) L‐Threonine regulates G1/S phase transition of mouse embryonic stem cells via P13K/Akt, MAPKs, and mTORC pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286: 23667–23678.
Shiraki N, Shiraki Y, Tsuyama T, et al. (2014) Methionine metabolism regulates maintenance and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Metabolism 19: 780–794.
Shyh‐Chang N, Locasale JW, Lyssiotis CA, et al. (2013) Influence of threonine metabolism on S‐adenosylmethionine and histone methylation. Science 339: 222–226.
Sobczak I and Lolkema JS (2005) Structural and mechanistic diversity of secondary transporters. Current Opinion in Microbiology 8: 161–167.
Sun C, Velazquez MA and Marfy‐Smith S (2014) Mouse early extra‐embryonic lineages activate compensatory endocytosis in response to poor maternal nutrition. Development 141: 1140–1150.
Tan BSN, Lonic A, Morris MB, Rathjen PD and Rathjen J (2011) The amino acid transporter SNAT2 mediates l‐proline‐induced differentiation of ES cells. American Journal of Physiology 300: C1270–C1279.
Torrens C, Poston L and Hanson MA (2008) Transmission of raised blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction to the F2 generation induced by maternal protein restriction in the F0, in the absence of dietary challenge in the F1 generation. British Journal of Nutrition 100: 760–766.
Trussler A (2009) The Eeffect of a Protein‐restricted Diet During Pregnancy on the Expression of the Amino Acid Transporter System B0,+ in Early Rat Embryos. Master of Science thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Utsunomiya‐Tate N, Endou H and Kanai Y (1996) Cloning and functional characterization of a system ASC‐like Na+‐dependent neutral amino acid transporter. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271: 14883–14890.
Van Winkle LJ (1975) Factors Affecting Net Incorporation of Radiolabeled Amino Acids into Protein of Normal and Diapausing Mouse Blastocysts. Ph.D. Dissertation, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States.
Van Winkle LJ, Christensen HN and Campione AL (1985) Na+‐dependent transport of basic, zwitterionic, and bicyclic amino acids by a broad‐scope system in mouse blastocysts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260: 12118–12123.
Van Winkle LJ, Campione AL and Gorman JM (1988) Na+‐independent transport of basic and zwitterionic amino acids in mouse blastocysts by a shared system and by processes which distinguish between these substrates. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263: 3150–3163.
Van Winkle LJ and Dickinson HR (1995) Differences in amino acid content of preimplantation mouse embryos that develop in vitro versus in vivo: in vitro effects or five amino acids that are abundant in oviductal secretions. Biology of Reproduction 52: 96–104.
Van Winkle LJ (1999) Biomembrane Transport. Academic Press: San Diego, CA.
Van Winkle LJ (2013) Amino Acid Transporters: Roles for Nutrition and Signalling in Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent StemCells. In: eLS, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 10.1002/9780470015902.a0000011.pub3.
Van Winkle LJ, Adjaye J and Campione AL (2001) Amino acid transport‐related proteins apparently expressed in preimplantation mouse blastocysts likely also are expressed in early human embryos. Biology of Reproduction 64 (Supplement 1) p. 278.
Van Winkle LJ (2001a) Amino acid transport regulation and early embryo development. Biology of Reproduction 64: 1–12.
Van Winkle LJ (2001b) Importance of direct determination of amino acid co‐and counter‐transport stoichiometries. Amino Acids 20: 105–111.
Van Winkle LJ, Tesch JK, Shah A and Campione AL (2006) System Bo,+ amino acid transport regulates the penetration stage of blastocyst implantation with possible long‐term development consequences through adulthood. Human Reproduction Update 12: 145–157.
Van Winkle LJ, Galat V and Iannaccone PM (2014) Threonine appears to be essential for proliferation of human as well as mouse embryonic stem cells. Frontiers in Cell and Development Biology 2: 18.
Van Winkle LJ and Ryznar R (2018) Can uterine secretion of modified histones alter blastocyst implantation, embryo nutrition, and transgenerational phenotype? Biomolecular Concepts 9: 176–183.
Wang J, Alexander P, Wu L, et al. (2009) Dependence of mouse embryonic stem cells on threonine catabolism. Science 325: 435–439.
Waterland RA, Travisano M, Tahiliani KG, et al. (2005) Methyl donor supplementation prevents transgenerational amplification of obesity. International journal of obesity 32: 1373–1379.
Wu S, Zhang J, Li F, et al. (2019) One‐carbon metabolism links nutrition intake to embryonic development via epigenetic mechanisms. Stem Cells International 2019.
Yamamoto T, Nishizaki I, Furuya S, et al. (2003) Characterization of rapid and high‐affinity uptake of L‐serine in neurons and astrocytes in primary culture. FEBS Letters 548: 69–73.
Further Reading
Bröer S (2018) Amino acid transporters as disease modifiers and drug targets. SLAS DISCOVERY: Advancing Life Sciences R&D 23: 303–320.
Bröer S and Bröer A (2017) Amino acid homeostasis and signaling in mammalian cells and organisms. Biochemical Journal 474: 1935–1963.
Chen G and Wang J (2019) A regulatory circuitry locking pluripotent stemness to embryonic stem cell: interaction between threonine catabolism and histone methylation. In: Seminars in Cancer Biology. Academic Press.
El‐Heis S, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC, et al. (2018) Early‐life nutrition, epigenetics and prevention of obesity. In: Epigenetics in Human Disease, 2nd edn, pp 427–456.
Goyal D, Limesand SW and Goyal R (2019) Epigenetic responses and the developmental origins of health and disease. Journal of Endocrinology 242: T105–T119.
Nicholas LM and Ozanne SE (2019) Early life programming in mice by maternal overnutrition: mechanistic insights and interventional approaches. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 374: 20180116.
Vickers MH (2017) Developmental programming and transgenerational transmission of obesity. In: Patel V and Preedy V (eds) Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, pp 1–18.