Molluscs: Learning and Memory

There seems to be a large degree of similarity between learning in molluscs and learning in higher vertebrates and mammals. At the cellular level, recent work suggests that the encoding of long-term memory may involve similar mechanisms in invertebrates and mammals.

Keywords: learning; CREB; aplysia

 References
    Abrams TW and Kandel ER (1988) Is contiguity detection in classical conditioning a system or a cellular property? Learning in Aplysia suggests a possible molecular site. Trends in Neurosciences 11: 128–135.
    Bailey CH and Kandel ER (1993) Structural changes accompanying memory storage. Annual Review of Physiology 55: 397–426.
    Bailey CH, Chen M, Keller F and Kandel ER (1992) Serotonin-mediated endocytosis of apCAM: an early step of learning-related synaptic growth in Aplysia. Science 256: 645–649.
    Bao J-X, Kandel ER and Hawkins RD (1998) Involvement of presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms in a cellular analog of classical conditioning at Aplysia sensory-motor neuron synapses in isolated cell culture. Journal of Neuroscience 18: 458–466.
    Byrne JH and Kandel ER (1996) Presynaptic facilitation revisited: state and time dependence. Journal of Neuroscience 16: 425–435.
    Castellucci VF, Kandel ER and Schwartz JH et al. (1980) Intracellular injection of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase stimulates facilitation of transmitter release underlying behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 77: 7492–7496.
    Castellucci VF, Nairn AC, Greengard P, Schwartz JH and Kandel ER (1982) Inhibitor of adenosine 3¢:5¢-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase blocks presynaptic facilitation in Aplysia. Journal of Neuroscience 2: 1673–1681.
    Colebrook E and Lukowiak K (1988) Learning by the Aplysia model system: lack of correlation between gill and gill motor neuron responses. Journal of Experimental Biology 13: 411–429.
    Crow T (1988) Cellular and molecular analysis of associative learning and memory in Hermissenda. Trends in Neurosciences 11: 136–142.
    Crow T and Forrester J (1993) Down-regulation of protein kinase C and kinase inhibitors dissociate short- and long-term enhancement produced by one-trial conditioning of Hermissenda. Journal of Neurophysiology 69: 636–641.
    Dash PK, Hochner B and Kandel ER (1990) Injection of the cAMP-responsive element into the nucleus of Aplysia sensory neurons, blocks long-term facilitation. Nature 345: 718–721.
    Farley J and Alkon DL (1985) Cellular mechanism of learning, memory, and information storage. Annual Review of Psychology 36: 419–494.
    Fiorito G and Chichery R (1995) Lesions of the vertical lobe impair visual discrimination learning by observation in Octopus vulgaris. Neuroscience Letters 192: 117–120.
    Gingrich KJ and Byrne JH (1985) Stimulation of synaptic depression, post-tetanic potentiation, and presynaptic facilitation of synaptic potentials from sensory neurons mediating gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Journal of Neurophysiology 53: 652–659.
    Hawkins RD, Castellucci VF and Kandel ER (1981) Interneurons involved in mediation and modulation of gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. II. Identified neurons produce heterosynaptic facilitation contributing to behavioral sensitization. Journal of Neurophysiology 45: 315–326.
    Hawkins RD, Abrams TW, Carew TJ and Kandel ER (1983) A cellular mechanism of classical conditioning in Aplysia: activity-dependent amplification of presynaptic facilitation. Science 219: 400–405.
    Hawkins RD, Greene W and Kandel ER. (1998) Classical conditioning, differential conditioning, and second-order conditioning of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex in a simplified mantle organ preparation. Behavioral Neuroscience 112: 636–645.
    Hegde AN, Inokuchi K and Pei W et al. (1997) Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase is an immediate-early gene essential for long-term facilitation in Aplysia. Cell 89: 115–126.
    Katz PS and Frost WN (1996) Intrinsic neuromodulation: altering neuronal circuits from within. Trends in Neurosciences 19: 54–61.
    Klein M and Kandel ER (1980) Mechanism of calcium current modulation underlying presynaptic facilitation and behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 77: 6912–6916.
    Lechner HA and Byrne JH (1998) New perspectives on classical conditioning: a synthesis of Hebbian and non-Hebbian mechanisms. Neuron 20: 355–358.
    Murphy GG and Glanzman DL (1997) Mediation of classical conditioning in Aplysia californica by long-term potentiation of sensorimotor synapses. Science 278: 467–471.
    Robertson JD (1994) Cytochalasin D blocks touch learning in Octopus vulgaris. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 258: 61–66.
    Robertson JD, Bonaventura J, Kohm A and Hiscat M (1996) Nitric oxide is necessary for visual learning in Octopus vulgaris. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 263: 1739–1743.
    Sahley CL, Gelperin A and Rudy JW (1981a) One-trial associative learning in a terrestrial mollusc. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 78: 640–642.
    Sahley CL, Rudy JW and Gelperin A (1981b) An analysis of associative learning in a terrestrial mollusc. I. Higher-order conditioning, blocking and a transient US pre-exposure effect. Journal of Comparative Physiology 144: 1–8.
    Schacher S, Castellucci VF and Kandel ER (1988) cAMP evokes long-term facilitation in Aplysia sensory neurons that requires new protein synthesis. Science 240: 1667–1669.
    Walters ET and Byrne JH (1983) Associative conditioning of single sensory neurons suggests a cellular mechanism for learning. Science 219: 405–408.
    Walters ET, Byrne JH, Carew TJ and Kandel ER (1983) Mechanoafferent neurons innervating the tail of Aplysia. II. Modulation by sensitizing stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology 50: 1543–1559.
 Further Reading
    Glanzman DL (1995) The cellular basis of classical conditioning in Aplysia californica – it's less simple than you think. Trends in Neurosciences 18: 30–36.
Contact Editor close
Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

How to Cite close
Sahley, Christie(May 2005) Molluscs: Learning and Memory. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1038/npg.els.0000153]