Bacterial Endospores

The spores of bacteria formed mainly by members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium are termed endospores because they develop singly within mother or sporangial cells. Endospores are released into the environment after they are fully mature through autolysis of the sporangium.

Keywords: bacterial endospores; sporeforming bacteria; heat resistance of spores; dormancy and survivability of spores; sterilization and disinfection; differentiation in bacteria

Figure 1. Phase-contrast light microscopic images of unstained cells of Bacillus megaterium. (a) Actively multiplying vegetative cells. (b) Sporangial cells containing phase-dark prespores. (c) Sporangial cells containing phase-bright immature spores. (d) Free mature spores after sporangial autolysis.
Figure 2. Electron microscopic image of a metal-stained mature spore of B. megaterium QMB1551 in transverse section. The spore contains a central core consisting of a faintly visible plasma membrane (IM) surrounding a cytoplasm which includes light-staining DNA regions (NP) and dark-staining ribosome granules (CP). Surrounding the core is a thin, darkly stained primordial cell wall and a contiguous unstained cortex (CX-PCW). Surrounding the cortex is a lightly stained inner coat, an intermittently visible outer membrane and a thin outer coat (C-OM). Enveloping all is a loosely fitting exosporium (EX). Bar, 200 nm.
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 References
    Cano R and Borucki M (1995) Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 50-million-year-old Dominican amber. Science 268: 1060–1064.
    book Gerhardt P and Marquis RE (1989) "Spore thermoresistance mechanisms". In: Smith I, Slepecky RA and Setlow P (eds) Regulation of Prokaryotic Development. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
    Kennedy MJ, Reader SL and Swierczynski LM (1994) Preservation records of microorganisms: evidence of the tenacity of life. Microbiology 140: 2513–2529.
    Setlow P (1995) Mechanisms for the prevention of damage to DNA in spores of Bacillus species. Annual Reviews of Microbiology 49: 29–54.
 Further Reading
    book Doyle MP, Beuchat LR and Monteville TJ (eds) (1997) Food Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
    Errington J (1993) Bacillus subtilis sporulation: regulation of gene expression and control of morphogenesis. Microbiological Reviews 57: 1–33.
    book Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC and Yolken RH (eds) (1995) Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th edn. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
    Schnepf E, Crickmore N, Van Rie J et al (1998) Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiological and Molecular Biology Reviews 62: 775–806.
    book Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME and Holt JG (eds) (1986) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 2. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
    book Williams ST, Sharpe ME and Holt JG (eds) (1989) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 4. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
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Marquis, Robert E, and Gerhardt, Philipp(Apr 2001) Bacterial Endospores. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1038/npg.els.0000300]