Papillomaviruses

Neil D Christensen, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA

Published online: September 2007

DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0000422.pub2

Papillomaviruses are small deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) tumour viruses that cause hyperproliferative lesions known as warts. A subset of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) that infect genital tissues are associated with cancers of the uterine cervix (cervical cancer) and other anogenital sites. Recent successful clinical trials have been completed using a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, leading to the world's first food and drug administration (FDA)-approved cancer vaccine (Gardasil).

Keywords: human papillomavirus; animal papillomavirus; cervical cancer; viral oncogenes; E6; E7; epidemiology; papillomas; genital warts

Figure 1. Outside view of surface-shaded image of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) virion. CRPV structure was determined by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction. The 72 pentameric capsomeres are arranged in 12 five-coordinated and 60 six-coordinated capsomeres. From Belnap et al. (1996) Conserved features of pappillomavirus and polyomavirus capsids. Journal of Molecular Biology 259: 249–263. Copyright © 1996 Academic Press.
Figure 2. Open reading frames (ORFs) of (a) bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and (b) human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16). Bars above horizontal lines represent start codons and bars below horizontal lines represent stop codons. ORFs have been designated for the E (early) and L (late) viral genes.
Figure 3. Left: normal epithelium showing cell layers (basal, spinous, granular and cornified). Centre: epithelium representing a low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesion with koilocytosis and showing that viral DNA synthesis is maximal in the granular layer. Viral DNA is predominantly episomal, and virions are present only in the granular and cornified layers. Right: carcinoma in situ with local invasion is shown on the bottom left. HPV DNA in these cells is integrated into host chromosomes.
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 References
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 Further Reading
    Breitburd F, Kirnbauer R, Hubbert NL et al. (1995) Immunization with viruslike particles from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) can protect against experimental CRPV infection. Journal of Virology 69: 3959–3963.
    Campo MS, Moar MH, Jarrett WFH and Laird HM (1980) Presence and expression of bovine papillomavirus type 4 in tumours of the alimentary canal of cattle and its possible role. A new papillomavirus associated with alimentary cancer in cattle. Nature 286: 180–182.
    Majewski S, Jablonska S and Orth G (1997) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Immunological and nonimmunological surveillance mechanisms: role in tumor progression. Clinics in Dermatology 15: 321–334.
    Ponten J and Guo Z (1998) Precancer of the human cervix. Cancer Surveys 32: 201–229.
    Stanley M (2006) Immune responses to human papillomaviruses. Vaccine 24: S16–22.
    Tindle RW (1996) Human papillomavirus vaccines for cervical cancer. Current Opinion in Immunology 8: 643–650.
    Vousden KH (1995) Regulation of the cell cycle by viral oncoproteins. Seminars in Cancer Biology 6: 109–116.
    Werness BA, Levine AJ and Howley PM (1990) Associations of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 E6 proteins with p53. Science 248: 76–79.

Related Sub-Topics:

DNA Viruses | Viruses Infecting Humans | Viruses Infecting Animals
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Article Title: Papillomaviruses
 
How to Cite close
Christensen, Neil D(Sep 2007) Papillomaviruses. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0000422.pub2]