Protozoan parasites that enter their host are often able to survive and multiply since they are adapted to the host's immune system.
Keywords: B cells; T cells; antibodies; antigenic variation; autoimmunity
Immunity to Protozoa
Martin Röllinghoff, University Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
Christian Bogdan, University Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
André Gessner, University Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
Michael Lohoff, University Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
Published online: April 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0000483
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| Further Reading | |
| Abbas AK, Murphy KM and Sher A (1996) Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 383: 787–793. | |
| Barry JD (1997) The relative significance of mechanisms of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Parasitology Today 13: 212–218. | |
| Bogdan C and Röllinghoff M (1998) The immune response to Leishmania: mechanisms of parasite control and evasion. International Journal of Parasitology 28: 121–134. | |
| Brener Z and Gazzinelli RT (1997) Immunological control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and pathogenesis of Chagas disease. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 114: 103–110. | |
| Däubener W and Hadding U (1997) Cellular immune reactions directed against Toxoplasma gondii with special emphasis on the central nervous system. Medical Microbiology and Immunology (Berlin) 185: 195–206. | |
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| Kalil J and Cunha-Neto E (1996) Autoimmunity in Chagas disease cardiomyopathy: fullfilling the criteria at last? Parasitology Today 12: 396–399. | |
| Lohoff M, Gessner A, Bogdan C and Röllinghoff M (1998) The Th1/Th2 paradigm and experimental murine leishmaniasis. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 115: 191–202. | |
| Louis J, Himmelreich H, Parra-Lopez C, Tacchini-Cottier F and Pascal Launois (1998) Regulation of protective immunity against Leishmania major in mice. Current Opinion in Immunology 10: 459–464. | |
| Reiner SL and Locksley RM (1995) The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major. Annual Review of Immunology 13: 151–177. | |
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