Storage polysaccharides such as glycogen in animals and starch in plants represent a major energy reserve in living organisms.
Keywords: starch; glycogen; inulin; laevan; laminaran; energy storage; reserve polysaccharides
Polysaccharides: Energy Storage
John F Robyt, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
Published online: April 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0000700
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Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of starch granules from different botanical sources: (a) maize; (b) waxy maize; (c) amylomaize-7; (d) oat; (e) rice; (f) wheat; (g) rye; (h) barley; (i) lima bean; (j) pea; (k,l) amaranth.
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Figure 2. Packing arrangements of double-helical complexes that give A-type X-ray pattern and B-type X-ray pattern.
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Figure 3. Structural formulae for (a) amylose (n = 1000–2000) and (b) amylopectin (x, y, z = 15–20). RE = reducing end; NRE = nonreducing end.
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Figure 4. Structural models for glycogen and amylopectin: (a) Meyer ‘tree’ model for glycogen; (b) racemose or cluster model for amylopectin. RE = reducing end.
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Figure 5. Structures of fructans: (a) inulin (n = 10–15); (b) segment of laevan (n = 0–2).
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| References | |
| Annan WD, Hirst E and Manners DJ (1965) The constitution of laminarin. Part V. The location of 1,6-glucosidic linkages. Journal of the Chemical Society 885–888. | |
| book Banks W and Greenwood CT (1975) "The reaction of starch and its components with iodine". Starch and Its Components, pp. 67–112. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. | |
| Bogracheva TY, Morris VJ, Ring SG and Hedley CL (1998) The granular structure of C-type pea starch and its role in gelatinization. Biopolymers 45: 323–332. | |
| book French D (1984) "Organization of starch granules". In: Whistler RL, BeMiller JN and Paschall EF (eds) Starch: Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed. pp. 183–207. San Diego: Academic Press. | |
| book Geddes R (1985) "Glycogen: a structural viewpoint". In: Aspinall GO (ed.) The Polysaccharides, pp. 284–336. New York: Academic Pressl | |
| book Hendry GAF and Wallace RK (1993) "Plant fructans". In: Suzuki M and Chatterton NJ (eds) Science and Technology of Fructans, pp. 119–140. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Pressl. | |
| Huijing F (1975) Glycogen metabolism and glycogen-storage diseases. Physiological Reviews 55: 609–628. | |
| Imberty A, Buléon A, Tran V and Pérez S (1991) Recent advances in knowledge of starch structure. Starch/Stärke 43: 375–384. | |
| Jane J-L, Kasemsuwan T, Leas S, Zobel H and Robyt JF (1994) Anthology of starch granule morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Starch/Stärke 46: 121–129. | |
| Kimura A and Robyt JF (1995) Reactions of enzymes with starch granules: kinetics and products of the reaction with glucoamylase. Carbohydrate Research 277: 87–107. | |
| Kimura A and Robyt JF (1996) Reaction of isoamylase with starch granules: reaction of isoamylase with native and gelatinized granules. Carbohydrate Research 287: 255–261. | |
| Maeda M and Nizizawa K (1968) Fine structure of laminaran of Eisenia bicyclis. Journal of Biochemistry 63: 199–205. | |
| book Robyt JF (1984) "Enzymes in the hydrolysis and synthesis of starch". In: Whistler RL, BeMiller JN and Paschall EF (eds) Starch: Chemistry and Technology, 2nd edn, pp. 87–124. San Diego: Academic Pressl. | |
| book Robyt JF (1998) Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry, pp. 328–333. New York: Springer Verlag. | |
| book Young AH (1984) "Fractionation of starch". In: Whistler RL, BeMiller JN and Paschall EF (eds) Starch: Chemistry and Technology, 2nd edn, pp. 249–284. San Diego: Academic Pressl. | |
| book Zobel HF (1992) "Starch granule structure". In: Alexander RJ and Zobel HF (eds) Developments in Carbohydrate Chemistry, pp. 1–13. St Paul, MN: American Association of Cereal Chemistsl, | |
| Further Reading | |
| book Banks W and Greenwood CT (1975) Starch and Its Components. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. | |
| book Geddes R (1985) "Glycogen: a structural viewpoint". In: Aspinall GO (ed.) The Polysaccharides, vol. 3, pp. 284–336. New York: Academic Press. | |
| book Greenwood CT (1970) "Starch and glycogen". In: Pigman W, Horton D and Herp A (eds) The Carbohydrates, vol. IIB, pp. 471–513. New York: Academic Press | |
| book Guilbot A and Mercier C (1985) "Starch". In: Aspinall GO (ed.) The Polysaccharides, vol. 3, pp. 210–282. New York: Academic Press. | |
| book Robyt JF (1998) Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry. New York: Springer-Verlag. | |
| book Stephen AM (1995) Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker. | |
| book Whistler RL, BeMiller JN and Paschall EF (eds) (1984) Starch: Chemistry and Technology, 2nd edn. San Diego: Academic Press. | |
| book Whistler RL and BeMiller JN (eds) (1998) Starch: Chemistry and Technology, 3rd edn. San Diego: Academic Press. | |
