References
Anber A and Martin BL (2019) Transformation of a neural activation and patterning model. EMBO Reports 20 (8): e48060. DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948060.
Bang AG, Papalopulu N, Kintner C and Goulding MD (1997) Expression of Pax‐3 is initiated in the early neural plate by posteriorizing signals produced by the organizer and by posterior non‐axial mesoderm. Development 124: 2075–2085.
Bang AG, Papalopulu N, Goulding MD and Kintner C (1999) Expression of Pax‐3 in the lateral neural plate is dependent on a Wnt‐mediated signal from posterior nonaxial mesoderm. Developmental Biology 212: 366–380.
Ben‐Zvi D, Shilo BZ, Fainsod A and Barkai N (2008) Scaling of the BMP activation gradient in Xenopus embryos. Nature 453: 1205–1211.
Bertrand V, Hudson C, Caillol D, Popovici C and Lemaire P (2003) Neural tissue in ascidian embryos is induced by FGF9/16/20, acting via a combination of maternal GATA and Ets transcription factors. Cell 115: 615–627.
Blumberg B, Bolado J, Moreno TA, et al. (1997) An essential role for retinoid signaling in anteroposterior neural patterning. Development 124: 373–379.
Catala M, Teillet MA and Le Douarin NM (1995) Organization and development of the tail bud analyzed with the quail‐chick chimaera system. Mechanisms of Development 51 (1): 51–65.
Catala M, Teillet MA, De Robertis EM and Le Douarin ML (1996 Sep) A spinal cord fate map in the avian embryo: while regressing, Hensen's node lays down the notochord and floor plate thus joining the spinal cord lateral walls. Development 122 (9): 2599–2610.
Chambers SM, Fasano CA, Papapetrou EP, et al. (2009) Highly efficient neural conversion of human ES and iPS cells by dual inhibition of SMAD signaling. Nature Biotechnology 27: 275–280.
De Crozé N, Maczkowiak F and Monsoro‐Burq AH (2011) Reiterative AP2a activity controls sequential steps in the neural crest gene regulatory network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108: 155–160.
De Robertis EM and Kuroda H (2004) Dorsal‐ventral patterning and neural induction in Xenopus embryos. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20: 285–308.
Delaune E, Lemaire P and Kodjabachian L (2005) Neural induction in Xenopus requires early FGF signalling in addition to BMP inhibition. Development 132: 299–310.
Domingos PM, Itasaki N, Jones CM, et al. (2001) The Wnt/beta‐catenin pathway posteriorizes neural tissue in Xenopus by an indirect mechanism requiring FGF signalling. Developmental Biology 239: 148–160.
Fuentealba LC, Eivers E, Ikeda A, et al. (2007) Integrating patterning signals: Wnt/GSK3 regulates the duration of the BMP/Smad1 signal. Cell 131: 980–993.
Fürthauer M, Van Celst J, Thisse C and Thisse B (2004) Fgf signalling controls the dorsoventral patterning of the zebrafish embryo. Development 131: 2853–2864.
Garnett AT, Square TA and Medeiros DM (2012) BMP, Wnt and FGF signals are integrated through evolutionarily conserved enhancers to achieve robust expression of Pax3 and Zic genes at the zebrafish neural plate border. Development 139: 4220–4231.
Glinka A, Wu W, Delius H, et al. (1998) Dickkopf‐1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature 391: 357–362.
Goto H, Kimmey SC, Row RH, Matus DQ and Martin BL (2017) FGF and canonical Wnt signaling cooperate to induce paraxial mesoderm from tailbud neuromesodermal progenitors through regulation of a two‐step epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Development 144 (8): 1412–1424. DOI: 10.1242/dev.143578.
Hansen CS, Marion CD, Steele K, George S and Smith WC (1997) Direct neural induction and selective inhibition of mesoderm and epidermis inducers by Xnr3. Development 124: 483–492.
Haramoto Y, Tanegashima K, Onuma Y, et al. (2004) Xenopus tropicalis nodal‐related gene 3 regulates BMP signaling: an essential role for the pro‐region. Developmental Biology 265: 155–168.
Haremaki T, Tanaka Y, Hongo I, Yuge M and Okamoto H (2003) Integration of multiple signal transducing pathways on Fgf response elements of the Xenopus caudal homologue Xcad3. Development 130: 4907–4917.
Heeg‐Truesdell E and LaBonne C (2006) Neural induction in Xenopus requires inhibition of Wnt‐beta‐catenin signaling. Developmental Biology 298: 71–86.
Henrique D, Abranches E, Verrier L and Storey KG (2015) Neuromesodermal progenitors and the making of the spinal cord. Development 142 (17): 2864–2875. DOI: 10.1242/dev.119768.
Holley SA, Jackson PD, Sasai Y, et al. (1995) A conserved system for dorsal‐ventral patterning in insects and vertebrates involving sog and chordin. Nature 376: 249–253.
Holley SA, Neul JL, Attisano L, et al. (1996) The Xenopus dorsalizing factor noggin ventralizes Drosophila embryos by preventing DPP from activating its receptor. Cell 86: 607–617.
Iemura S, Yamamoto TS, Takagi C, et al. (1998) Direct binding of follistatin to a complex of bone‐morphogenetic protein and its receptor inhibits ventral and epidermal cell fates in early Xenopus embryo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 9337–9342.
Isaacs HV, Pownall ME and Slack JM (1998) Regulation of Hox gene expression and posterior development by the Xenopus caudal homologue Xcad3. The EMBO Journal 17: 3413–3427.
Itoh K and Sokol SY (1997) Graded amounts of Xenopus dishevelled specify discrete anteroposterior cell fates in prospective ectoderm. Mechanisms of Development 61: 113–125.
Khokha MK, Yeh J, Grammer TC and Harland RM (2005) Depletion of three BMP antagonists from Spemann's organizer leads to a catastrophic loss of dorsal structures. Developmental Cell 8: 401–411.
Koide T, Downes M, Chandraratna RA, Blumberg B and Umesono K (2001) Active repression of RAR signaling is required for head formation. Genes and Development 15: 2111–2121.
Kolm PJ, Apekin V and Sive H (1997) Xenopus hindbrain patterning requires retinoid signaling. Developmental Biology 192: 1–16.
Ma Q, Kintner C and Anderson DJ (1996) Identification of neurogenin, a vertebrate neuronal determination gene. Cell 87: 43–52.
Marchal L, Luxardi G, Thomé V and Kodjabachian L (2009) Neural induction in Xenopus requires early FGF signalling in addition to BMP inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 17437–17442.
McGrew LL, Lai CJ and Moon RT (1995) Specification of the anteroposterior neural axis through synergistic interaction of the Wnt signaling cascade with noggin and follistatin. Developmental Biology 172: 337–342.
McGrew LL, Hoppler S and Moon RT (1997) Wnt and FGF pathways cooperatively pattern anteroposterior neural ectoderm in Xenopus. Mechanisms of Development 69: 105–114.
McGrew LL, Takemaru K, Bates R and Moon RT (1999) Direct regulation of the Xenopus engrailed‐2 promoter by the Wnt signaling pathway, and a molecular screen for Wnt‐responsive genes, confirm a role for Wnt signaling during neural patterning in Xenopus. Mechanisms of Development 87: 21–32.
Metzis V, Steinhauser S, Pakanavicius E, et al. (2018) Nervous system regionalization entails axial allocation before neural differentiation. Cell 175 (4): 1105–1118.e17. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.040.
Mica Y, Lee G, Chambers SM, Tomishima MJ and Studer L (2013) Modeling neural crest induction, melanocyte specification, and disease‐related pigmentation defects in hESCs and patient‐specific iPSCs. Cell Reports 3: 1140–1152.
Mizuseki K, Kishi M, Shiota K, Nakanishi S and Sasai Y (1998) SoxD: an essential mediator of induction of anterior neural tissues in Xenopus embryos. Neuron 21: 77–85.
Nieuwkoop P (1952) Activation and organization of the central nervous system III. Synthesis of a new working hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Zoology 120: 83–108.
Pera EM, Wessely O, Li SY and De Robertis EM (2001) Neural and head induction by insulin‐like growth factor signals. Developmental Cell 1: 655–665.
Plouhinec JL, Zakin L, Moriyama Y and De Robertis EM (2013) Chordin forms a self‐organizing morphogen gradient in the extracellular space between ectoderm and mesoderm in the Xenopus embryo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 20372–20379.
Polevoy H, Gutkovich YE, Michaelov A, et al. (2019) New roles for Wnt and BMP signaling in neural anteroposterior patterning. EMBO Reports 20 (6): e45842. DOI: 10.15252/embr.201845842.
Pownall ME, Tucker AS, Slack JMW and Isaacs HV (1996) eFGF, Xcad3 and Hox genes form a molecular pathway that establishes the anteroposterior axis in Xenopus. Development 3892: 3881–3892.
Reversade B and De Robertis EM (2005) Regulation of ADMP and BMP2/4/7 at opposite embryonic poles generates a self‐regulating morphogenetic field. Cell 123: 1147–1160.
Roche DD, Liu KJ, Harland RM and Monsoro‐Burq AH (2009) Dazap2 is required for FGF‐mediated posterior neural patterning, independent of Wnt and Cdx function. Developmental Biology 333: 26–36.
Sasai Y, Lu B, Steinbeisser H, et al. (1994) Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer‐specific homeobox genes. Cell 79: 779–790.
Sasai Y (2001) Roles of Sox factors in neural determination: conserved signaling in evolution? International Journal of Developmental Biology 45: 321–326.
Schohl A and Fagotto F (2002) Beta‐catenin, MAPK and Smad signaling during early Xenopus development. Development 129: 37–52.
Silva AC, Filipe M, Kuerner K‐M, Steinbeisser H and Belo JA (2003) Endogenous Cerberus activity is required for anterior head specification in Xenopus. Development 130: 4943–4953.
Smith WC and Harland RM (1991) Injected Xwnt‐8 RNA acts early in Xenopus embryos to promote formation of a vegetal dorsalizing center. Cell 67: 753–765.
Steventon B and Mayor R (2012) Early neural crest induction requires an initial inhibition of Wnt signals. Developmental Biology 365: 196–207.
Streit A and Stern CD (1999) Establishment and maintenance of the border of the neural plate in the chick: involvement of FGF and BMP activity. Mechanisms of Development 82: 51–66.
Streit A, Berliner AJ, Papanayotou C, Sirulnik A and Stern CD (2000) Initiation of neural induction by FGF signalling before gastrulation. Nature 406: 74–78.
Suzuki A, Ueno N and Hemmati‐Brivanlou A (1997) Xenopus msx1 mediates epidermal induction and neural inhibition by BMP4. Development 124: 3037–3044.
Tzouanacou E, Wegener A, Wymeersch FJ, Wilson V and Nicolas JF (2009 Sep) Redefining the progression of lineage segregations during mammalian embryogenesis by clonal analysis. Developmental Cell 17 (3): 365–376. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.08.002.
Wacker SA, Jansen HJ, McNulty CL, Houtzager E and Durston AJ (2004) Timed interactions between the Hox expressing non‐organiser mesoderm and the Spemann organiser generate positional information during vertebrate gastrulation. Developmental Biology 268: 207–219.
Weinstein DC and Hemmati‐Brivanlou A (1999) Neural induction. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15: 411–433.
Wilson SI, Graziano E, Harland R, Jessell TM and Edlund T (2000) An early requirement for FGF signalling in the acquisition of neural cell fate in the chick embryo. Current Biology 10: 421–429.
Xu R, Kim J, Taira M, et al. (1997) Differential regulation of neurogenesis by the two Xenopus GATA‐1 genes. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17: 436–443.
Further Reading
Demagny H, Araki T and De Robertis EM (2014) The tumor suppressor Smad4/DPC4 is regulated by phosphorylations that integrate FGF, Wnt and TGFβ signalling. Cell Reports 9: 688–700.
Eivers E, Demagny H and De Robertis EM (2009) Integration of BMP and Wnt signalling via vertebrate Smas1/5/8 and Drosophila Mad. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 20: 357–365.
Min TH, Kriebel M, Hou S and Pera EM (2011) The dual regulator Sufu integrates Hedgehog and Wnt signals in the early Xenopus embryo. Developmental Biology 358: 262–276.
Pera EM, Acosta H, Gouignard N, Climent M and Arregi I (2014) Active signals, gradient formation and regional specificity in neural induction. Experimental Cell Research 321: 25–31.