W Dias da Silva, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Thereza L Kipnis, State University of Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Published online: April 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0000939
Animal venoms contain highly toxic components that cause inflammation and tissue destruction at the point of contact or in the region of a sting or bite. General symptoms are mediated by toxins including activators or inactivators of blood clots and complement systems, cytotoxins directed to a variety of target cells and neurotoxins.
Keywords: envenoming; antivenom; serotherapy; scorpion stings; spider bite; snake bite
References
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Further Reading
Bon C and Goyffon (eds) (1995) Envenomings and their Treatments. Lyon: Mérieux.
Denis EA (1994) Diversity of group types, regulation, and function of phospholipase A2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269: 13057–13060.
Harvey AL (ed.) (1991) Snake Venoms. International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology. New York: Pergamon Press.
Jouglard J, de Haro L, David JM and Arditti J (1996) Experience of envenoming at the Marseilles Poison Centre. In: Bon C and Goyffon M (eds) Envenomings and their Treatments. Paris: Mérieux.
Ownby CL, Selistre de Araujo HS, White SP and Fletcher JE (1999) Lysine 49 phospholipase A2 proteins. Toxicon 37: 411–445.
Polis GA (ed.) (1990) The Biology of Scorpions. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Taylor FJR (1990) Red tides, brown tides and other harmful algae blooms: the view into 1990s. In: Granél E, Sundstrom B, Edier L and Anderson DM (eds) Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, pp. 527–533. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
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