Alan DT Barrett, University of Texas, Galveston, Texas, USA
Published online: April 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0001023
The flaviviruses are a group of medically important viruses that are mainly transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks; they include dengue, Japanese encephalitis, St Louis encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile and yellow fever species.
Keywords: yellow fever; Japanese encephalitis; dengue; arbovirus
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Figure 1. Organization of the flavivirus genome and expression of proteins (genes are not drawn to scale). NCR, noncoding region; NS, nonstructural; NTPase, nucleoside triphosphatase. NS3¢ and NS3¢¢ have been identified in virus-infected cells but, to date, have not been demonstrated to have functional helicase and/or NTPase activity.
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| References | |
| Calisher CH, Karabatsos N, Dalrymple JM et al. (1989) Antigenic relationships among flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera. Journal of General Virology 70: 37–43. | |
| Chambers TJ, Hahn CS, Galler R and Rice CM (1990) Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication. Annual Reviews of Microbiology 44: 649–688. | |
| Kuno G, Chang G-JJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N and Cropp CB (1998) Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. Journal of Virology 72: 73–83. | |
| Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V et al. (1999) Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286: 2333–2337. | |
| Rey FA, Heinz FX, Mandl C, Kunz C and Harrison SC (1995) The envelope glycoprotein from tick-borne encephalitis virus at 2 Å resolution. Nature 375: 291–298. | |
| Rice CM, Lenches EM, Eddy SR et al. (1985) Nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus: implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution. Science 229: 726–733. | |
| book US Department of Health and Human Services (1999) Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 4th edn. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. | |
| Further Reading | |
| book Barrett PN, Dorner F and Plotkin SA (1998) "Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine". In: Plotkin SA and Orenstein WA (eds) Vaccines, 3rd edn, pp. 767–780. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. | |
| book Gubler DJ and Kuno G (eds) (1997) Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. | |
| book Monath TP (ed.) (1988) The Arboviruses: Ecology and Epidemiology, vols 1–5. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. | |
| book Monath TP (1998) "Yellow fever". In: Plotkin SA and Orenstein WA (eds) Vaccines, 3rd edn, pp. 815–879. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. | |
| book Monath TP and Heinz FX (1996) "Flaviviruses". In: Fields BN, Knipe BM, Howley PM et al. (eds) Fields Virology, 3rd edn, pp. 961–1034. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven | |
| book Peters CJ (1997) "Viral haemorrhagic fevers". In: Nathanson N (ed-in-chief) Viral Pathogenesis, pp. 779–799. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. | |
| book Rice CM (1996) "Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication". In: Fields BN, Knipe BM, Howley PM et al. (eds) Fields Virology, 3rd edn, pp. 931–960. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. | |
| book Tsai TF, Chang G-JJ and Yu YX (1998) "Japanese encephalitis vaccines". In: Plotkin SA and Orenstein WA (eds) Vaccines, 3rd edn, pp. 672–710. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. | |
| book Weaver SC (1997) "Vector biology in virus pathogenesis". In: Nathanson N (ed-in-chief) Viral Pathogenesis, pp. 329–352. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. | |
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