Newcastle Disease Virus

Patti J Miller, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia, USA
Claudio L Afonso, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia, USA

Published online: July 2011

DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0001077.pub3

Abstract

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the Avulavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family, has a ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome that is negative sense, nonsegmented and single‐stranded. The genome codes for six structural proteins: nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein (P), matrix, fusion, hemagglutinin–neuraminidase and the RNA‐directed RNA polymerase, in addition to the nonstructural V protein that is produced by a frame shift in the P coding region. Virulent forms of NDV (vNDV) contain multiple basic amino acids in the fusion cleavage site along with a phenylalanine (F) at position 117, are found worldwide and are endemic in some countries. Infections of poultry species with vNDV lead to trade restrictions. Although all NDV strains are of one serotype, their genomes evolve over time, becoming more diverse. Strains of NDV have been used as viral vectors to formulate vaccines for other infectious diseases and experimentally to treat human cancers. The virus causes conjunctivitis in humans.

Key Concepts:

  • Virulent NDV (vNDV) is the aetiological agent of one of the most prevalent and virulent avian diseases in the world, and causes millions of birds to die, and significantly affects the poultry industries of many countries in Africa, Asia and South America.

  • Lentogenic NDV (loNDV) is widely distributed in wild birds where it does not cause significant disease or clinical signs.

  • Isolates of NDV are genetically diverse with at least two classes of viruses, each divided into 10 genotypes.

  • Depending on the virulence of the NDV isolate and the immune status of the host, Newcastle disease produces a large range of clinical signs.

  • The fusion protein cleavage site is a key determinant of virulence and a key element utilised for modern diagnostics and classification.

  • Because all NDV isolates are of a single serotype vaccines prepared with any NDV isolate should protect against disease from any other NDV infection.

  • Neutralising antibodies to the Fusion (F) and hemagglutinin–neuraminidase (HN) proteins of NDV are known to be important in preventing morbidity and morality from Newcastle disease.

  • Even vaccinated birds with high antibody titre to NDV will become infected when exposed to virulent NDV and these vaccinated birds will shed virulent NDV in oral secretion and fecal matter.

  • The genome of NDV has been used as a vaccine vector to carry foreign genes of other organisms for use in both animals and humans.

Keywords: Avian paramyxovirus‐1; APMV1; negative‐strand RNA virus; avian diseases; NDV

Figure 1.

Phylogenetic tree of 161 APMV1 isolates containing an amino acid analysis of the full fusion protein using the neighbour‐joining method/JTT matrix‐based with gamma distribution. Class I with 7 of 10 genotypes and class II with 7 of 10 genotypes are represented.
Figure 2.

Newcastle disease virus genome. NP, nucleoprotein; P, phosphoprotein; M, matrix protein; F, fusion protein; HN, haemagglutinin–neuraminidase protein; L, RNA‐directed RNA polymerase.
close

References

Alexander DJ, Russell PH and Collins MS (1984) Paramyxovirus type 1 infections of racing pigeons: 1 characterisation of isolated viruses. Veterinary Record 114(18): 444–446.

Alexander DJ and Senne DA (2008) Newcastle disease, other avian paramyxoviruses, and pneumovirus infections. In: Saif Y M, Fadly A M and Glisson J R et al. (eds) Diseases of Poultry, pp. 75–116. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Ballagi‐Pordany A, Wehmann E, Herczeg J, Belak S and Lomniczi B (1996) Identification and grouping of Newcastle disease virus strains by restriction site analysis of a region from the F gene. Archives of Virology 141(2): 243–261.

Bukreyev A, Huang Z, Yang L et al. (2005) Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing a foreign viral antigen is attenuated and highly immunogenic in primates. Journal of Virology 79(21): 13275–13284.

Cattoli G, Fusaro A, Monne I et al. (2010) Emergence of a new genetic lineage of Newcastle disease virus in West and Central Africa – implications for diagnosis and control. Veterinary Microbiology 142(3–4): 168–176.

Coleman NA and Peeples ME (1993) The matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus localizes to the nucleus via a bipartite nuclear localization signal. Virology 195(2): 596–607.

Czegledi A, Ujvari D, Somogyi E et al. (2006) Third genome size category of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (Newcastle disease virus) and evolutionary implications. Virus Research 120(1–2): 36–48.

Dortmans JC, Koch G, Rottier PJ et al. (2009) Virulence of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 does not always correlate with the cleavability of its fusion protein. Journal of General Virology 90(part 11): 2746–2750.

Dortmans JC, Rottier PJ, Koch G et al. (2010) The viral replication complex is associated with virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Journal of Virology 84(19): 10113–10120.

Elankumaran S, Chavan V, Qiao D et al. (2010) Type I interferon sensitive recombinant Newcastle disease dirus for oncolytic virotherapy. Journal of Virology 84(8): 3835–3844.

Fuller CM, Brodd L, Irvine RM et al. (2010) Development of an L gene real‐time reverse‐transcription PCR assay for the detection of avian paramyxovirus type 1 RNA in clinical samples. Archives of Virology 155(6): 817–823.

Ge J, Deng G, Wen Z et al. (2007) Newcastle disease virus‐based live attenuated vaccine completely protects chickens and mice from lethal challenge of homologous and heterologous H5N1 avian influenza viruses. Journal of Virology 81(1): 150–158.

Gotoh B, Ohnishi Y, Inocencio NM et al. (1992a) Mammalian subtilisin‐related proteinases in cleavage activation of the paramyxovirus fusion glycoprotein: superiority of furin/PACE to PC2 or PC1/PC3. Journal of Virology 66(11): 6391–6397.

Gotoh B, Yamauchi F, Ogasawara T et al. (1992b) Isolation of factor Xa from chick embryo as the amniotic endoprotease responsible for paramyxovirus activation. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 296(3): 274–278.

Gould AR, Kattenbelt JA, Selleck P et al. (2001) Virulent Newcastle disease in Australia: molecular epidemiological analysis of viruses isolated prior to and during the outbreaks of 1998–2000. Virus Research 77(1): 51–60.

Huang Z, Elankumaran S, Yunus AS et al. (2004) A recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) protects against NDV and IBDV. Journal of Virology 78(18): 10054–10063.

Huang Z, Krishnamurthy S, Panda A et al. (2003) Newcastle disease virus V protein is associated with viral pathogenesis and functions as an alpha interferon antagonist. Journal of Virology 77(16): 8676–8685.

Khan TA, Rue CA, Rehmani SF et al. (2010) Phylogenetic and biological characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates from Pakistan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48(5): 1892–1894.

Kim LM, King DJ, Curry PE et al. (2007a) Phylogenetic diversity among low virulence Newcastle disease viruses from waterfowl and shorebirds and comparison of genotype distributions to poultry‐origin isolates. Journal of Virology 81(22): 12641–12653.

Kim LM, King DJ, Suarez DL et al. (2007b) Characterization of class I Newcastle disease virus isolates from Hong Kong live bird markets and detection using real‐time reverse transcription‐PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45(4): 1310–1314.

King DJ (1993) Newcastle disease virus passage in MDBK cells as an aid in detection of a virulent subpopulation. Avian Diseases 37(4): 961–969.

Lamb RA, Collins PL, Kolakofsky D et al. (2005) Family Paramyxoviridae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA and Maniloff J et al. (eds) Virus Taxonomy, Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, pp. 655–668. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.

Liu H, Wang Z, Wang Y et al. (2008) Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolated from waterfowl in China. Avian Diseases 52(1): 150–155.

Marcos F, Ferreira L, Cros J et al. (2005) Mapping of the RNA promoter of Newcastle disease virus. Virology 331(2): 396–406.

Meulemans G, van den Berg TP, Decaesstecker M et al. (2002) Evolution of pigeon Newcastle disease virus strains. Avian Pathology 31(5): 515–519.

Millar NS, Chambers P and Emmerson PT (1986) Nucleotide sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin–neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus. Journal of General Virology 67(part 9): 1917–1927.

Millar NS, Chambers P and Emmerson PT (1988) Nucleotide sequence of the fusion and haemagglutinin–neuraminidase glycoprotein genes of Newcastle disease virus, strain Ulster: molecular basis for variations in pathogenicity between strains. Journal of General Virology 69(part 3): 613–620.

Miller PJ, Afonso CL, Spackman E et al. (2010a) Evidence for a new avian paramyxovirus serotype‐10 detected in rockhopper penguins from the Falkland islands. Journal of Viroloy 84(21): 11496–11504.

Miller PJ, Decanini EL and Afonso CL (2010b) Newcastle disease: evolution of genotypes and the related diagnostic challenges. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 10(1): 26–35.

Miller PJ, Estevez C, Yu Q et al. (2009a) Comparison of viral shedding using inactivated and live Newcastle disease vaccines formulated with wild‐type and recombinant viruses. Avian Diseases 53(2): 39–49.

Miller PJ, Kim LM, Ip HS et al. (2009b) Evolutionary dynamics of Newcastle disease virus. Virology 391(1): 64–72.

Nagai Y, Klenk HD and Rott R (1976) Proteolytic cleavage of the viral glycoproteins and its significance for the virulence of Newcastle disease virus. Virology 72(2): 494–508.

OIE (2010) Terrestrial animal health code. Newcastle Disease, vol. 2, Section 10, article 10.13.1. OIE, Paris. http://web.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_1.10.13.htm#rubrique_maladie_de_newcastle_inactivation

Panda A, Elankumaran S, Krishnamurthy S et al. (2004) Loss of N‐linked glycosylation from the hemagglutinin–neuraminidase protein alters virulence of Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Virology 78(10): 4965–4975.

Park MS, Shaw ML, Munoz‐Jordan J et al. (2003) Newcastle disease virus (NDV)‐based assay demonstrates interferon‐antagonist activity for the NDV V protein and the Nipah virus V, W, and C proteins. Journal of Virology 77(2): 1501–1511.

Peeters BP, de Leeuw OS, Koch G et al. (1999) Rescue of Newcastle disease virus from cloned cDNA: evidence that cleavability of the fusion protein is a major determinant for virulence. Journal of Virology 73(6): 5001–5009.

Perozo F, Marcano R, Afonso Cl et al. (2011) Genotype VII Velogenic Viscerotropic Venezuelan Newcastle Disease Virus Isolate: Live (Avinew®) and Killed (Gallimune ND®) Vaccination. Southern Conference Avian Diseases. Atlanta, GA, USA: SCAD.

Romer‐Oberdorfer A, Mundt E, Mebatsion T et al. (1999) Generation of recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus from cDNA. Journal of General Virology 80(part 11): 2987–2995.

Rout SN and Samal SK (2008) The large polymerase protein is associated with the virulence of Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Virology 82(16): 7828–7836.

Rue CA, Susta L, Brown CC et al. (2010) Evolutionary changes affecting rapid diagnostic of 2008 Newcastle disease viruses isolated from double‐crested cormorants. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48(7): 2440–2448.

Samson AC, Levesley I and Russell PH (1991) The 36K polypeptide synthesized in Newcastle disease virus‐infected cells possesses properties predicted for the hypothesized ‘V’ protein. Journal of General Virology 72(part 7): 1709–1713.

Sleeman J (2010) Summary of 2010 Newcastle disease virus outbreaks in wild birds in upper Midwest and Northeast. Wildlife Health Bulletin #2010‐07. U.N. Wildlife. http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/wildlife_health_bulletins/WHB_2010_07_Newcastle_Summary.pdf

Steward M, Vipond IB, Millar NS et al. (1993) RNA editing in Newcastle disease virus. Journal of General Virology 74(part 12): 2539–2547.

Ujvari D (2006) Complete nucleotide sequence of IT‐227/82, an avian paramyxovirus type‐1 strain of pigeons (Columba livia). Virus Research 32(1): 49–57.

USDA (2008) Animals and Plant Products. Possession, Use and Transfer of Select Agents and Toxins. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 9CFR, part 121, section 3b, 818.

Veits J, Wiesner D, Fuchs W et al. (2006) Newcastle disease virus expressing H5 hemagglutinin gene protects chickens against Newcastle disease and avian influenza. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 103(21): 8197–8202.

Villar E and Barroso IM (2006) Role of sialic acid‐containing molecules in paramyxovirus entry into the host cell: a minireview. Glycoconjugate Journal 23(1–2): 5–17.

Wan HQ, Chen LG, Wu LL et al. (2004) Newcastle disease in geese: natural occurrence and experimental infection. Avian Pathology 33(2): 216–221.

Wise MG, Suarez DL, Seal BS et al. (2004) Development of a real‐time reverse transcription PCR for detection of newcastle disease virus RNA in clinical samples. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42(1): 329–338.

Yan Y, Rout SN, Kim SH et al. (2009) Role of untranslated regions of the hemagglutinin–neuraminidase gene in replication and pathogenicity of newcastle disease virus. Journal of Virology 83(11): 5943–5946.

Further Reading

Alexander DJ (2001) Gordon memorial lecture. Newcastle disease. British Poultry Science 42(1): 5–22.

Alexander DJ, Cross GM, Higgins DA et al. (1988) Developments in Veterinary Virology: Newcastle Disease, pp. 1–365. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Lamb RA and Parks GD (2009) Paramyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM and Howley PM (eds) Field's Virology, 5th edn, pp. 1449–1496. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.

Related Sub-Topics:

RNA Viruses | Virus Diseases | Viruses Infecting Animals
Contact Editor close
Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Newcastle Disease Virus
 
How to Cite close
Miller, Patti J, and Afonso, Claudio L(Jul 2011) Newcastle Disease Virus. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0001077.pub3]