Eosinophils

The eosinophil is a bone marrow-derived white blood cell (leucocyte) that is present only in the gastrointestinal tract and lymphatic tissues of healthy individuals. Eosinophils participate in helminth (worm) immunity and in hypersensitivity diseases, such as bronchial asthma and allergies.

Keywords: hypersensitivity diseases; asthma; helminths; interleukin-5; cationic proteins

Figure 1. Eosinophil morphology. At the upper left is a characteristic eosinophil with coarse granules and a bilobed nucleus. At the lower right is neutrophil with its typical multilobed nucleus and faintly staining granules. The smaller pale reddish-staining cells in the background are erythrocytes; these cells are biconcave, hence doughnut shaped and have an apparent hole in the centre.
Figure 2. Visualization of an eosinophil by electron microscopy. (a) Shows a portion of a human eosinophil with the nucleus at the upper left and the cytoplasmic membrane at the lower right. The distinctive specific granules fill the cytoplasm and have a substructure consisting of an electron-dense core (C) and an electron-lucent matrix (M) (28 000×). The core takes many shapes. (b) Shows a single-rat eosinophil granule with a bilayer granule membrane (GM), the amorphous matrix (M) and the core (C). At this magnification (375 000×) the core shows a linear pattern. (c) Shows the core of the rat eosinophil granule at high magnification (800 000×) and reveals a linear array in two dimensions. (Miller F, De Harven E and Palade GE (1966) The Structure of eosinophil leukocyte granules in rodents and in man. Journal of Cell Biology 31: 349.)
Figure 3. Charcot–Leyden crystals. The Charcot–Leyden crystals have a characteristic morphology consisting of hexagonal dipyramids. These crystals are formed from eosinophils and also basophils; the crystals above were derived from purified eosinophils. The frame on the left (160×) shows the purity of this preparation and the frame on the right (400×) shows the distinctive appearance of the crystals. (Gleich GJ, Loegering DA, Mann KG and Maldonado JE (1976) Comparative properties of the Charcot–Leyden crystal protein and the major basic protein from human eosinophils. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 57: 633.)
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 Further Reading
    Bandeira-Melo C and Weller PF (2003) Eosinophils and cysteinyl leukotrienes. Prostaglandins, Leukotrines, and Essential Fatty Acids 69(2–3): 135–143.
    Erin EM, Williams TJ, Barnes PJ and Hansel TT (2002) Eotaxin receptor (CCR3) antagonism in asthma and allergic disease. Current Drug Targets Inflammation and Allergy 1(2): 201–214.
    Gleich GJ, Loegering DA, Mann KG and Maldonado JE (1976) Comparative properties of the Charcot–Leyden crystal protein and the major basic protein from human eosinophils. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 57: 633.
    Kay AB (2005) The role of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma. Trends in Molecular Medicine 11(4): 148–152.
    book Kita H, Adolphson CR and Gleich GJ (2003) "Biology of eosinophils". In: Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, Busse WW et al. (eds) Middleton's Allergy: Principles & Practice, 6th ed. vol. 1 chap. 19, pp. 305–332. Philadelphia: Mosby
    book Kita H, Adolphson CR and Gleich GJ (1998) "Biology of eosinophils". In: Middleton E Jr, Reed CE, Ellis et al. (eds) Allergy: Principles & Practice, 5th ed. vol. 1 chap 19, pp. 242–260. St. Louis: Mosby
    book Kita H and Gleich GJ (1997) "The eosinophil: structure and functions". Kaplan AP (ed.) Allergy, 2nd ed. p. 153. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
    Klion AD and Nutman TB (2004) The role of eosinophils in host defense against helminth parasites. Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology 113(1): 30–37.
    book Leiferman KM, Peters MS and Gleich GJ (2003) "Eosinophils in cutaneous diseases". In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K et al. (eds) Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 6th ed. chap. 96, pp. 959–966. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
    Miller F, De Harven E and Palade GE (1966) The Structure of eosinophil leukocyte granules in rodents and in man. Journal of Cell Biology 31: 349.
    Munitz A and Levi-Schaffer F (2004) Eosinophils: ‘new’ roles for ‘old’ cells. Allergy 59(3): 268–275.
    Rothenberg ME and Hogan SP (2006) The Eosinophil. Annual Review of Immunology 24: 5.1–5.28.
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Wagner, Lori, Leiferman, Kristin M, and Gleich, Gerald J(Sep 2006) Eosinophils. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0001126]