Many types of modified nucleotides exist naturally or are the products of laboratory syntheses.
Keywords: nucleic acids; DNA; RNA; oligonucleotides
Nucleotides: Uncommon, Modified and Synthetic
Christopher Switzer, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
Published online: April 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0001334
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Figure 1. Representative modified and hypermodified nucleobases found in tRNA: dihydrouridine [I], 5-carboxymethyluridine [II], 2-thiouridine [III], pseudouridine [IV], 5-methylcytidine [V], archaeosine [VI], N
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Figure 2. Representative sugar-modified nucleic acids: 4¢,6¢-methano DNA analogue [X], 3¢,5¢-ethano DNA analogue [XI], homo-DNA [XII] and hexitol nucleic acid analogue [XIII].
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Figure 3. Representative backbone-modified nucleic acids: peptide nucleic acid [XIV], and morpholino nucleic acids [XV].
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| References | |
| Adams RLP (1990) DNA methylation. Biochemical Journal 265: 309–320. | |
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The importance of being modified: roles of modified nucleosides and Mg | |
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| Further Reading | |
| book Adams RLP, Knowler JT and Leader DP (1992) The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids, 11th edn. London: Chapman and Hall. | |
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| De Clercq E (1992) HIV inhibitors targeted at the reverse transcriptase. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 8: 119–134. | |
| Demple B and Harrison L (1994) Repair of oxidative damage to DNA: enzymology and biology. Annual Review of Biochemistry 63: 915–948. | |
| Englisch U and Gauss DH (1991) Chemically modified oligonucleotides as probes and inhibitors. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English 30: 613–629. | |
| Eschenmoser A (1992) Chemistry of potentially prebiological natural products. Chemical Society Reviews 21: 1–16. | |
| Herdewijn P (1996) Targeting RNA with conformationally restricted oligonucleotides. Liebigs Annalen September: 1337–1348. | |
| Huryn DM and Okabe M (1992) AIDS-driven nucleoside chemistry. Chemical Reviews 92: 1745–1768. | |
| Isono K (1991) Current progress on nucleoside antibiotics. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 52: 269–286. | |
| Usman N, Beigelman L and McSwiggen JA (1996) Hammerhead ribozyme engineering. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 6: 527–533. | |
