Porifera (Sponges)

Porifera, or sponges, are primitive Metazoa. They are multicellular but have no developed tissue organization, utilizing independent cellular activity to carry out all body functions. They are a successful group in ancient and recent aquatic environments with origins in pre-Cambrian times.

Keywords: sponges; cellular behaviour; life histories; diversity; fossil history

Figure 1. Organization of the sponge body: (a) half section of a simple asconoid; (b) half section of a syconoid with slightly thickened mesohyl and folded choanoderm and pinacoderm; (c) sector of a leuconoid, with subdivided choanoderm and extensive mesohyl, traversed by a complex system of canals. (After Bergquist PR (1998) Porifera. In: Anderson DT (ed.) Invertebrate Zoology, chap. 2, p. 13. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.)
Figure 2. Stylized section of an encrusting, leuconoid sponge to illustrate the major cell types and their relationships. A, archaeocyte; BP, basopinacocytes; C, collencyte; CH, choanocyte chamber; CT, collagen tract; EC, excurrent canal; EN, endopinacocyte; EX, exopinacocyte; F, fibre; IC, incurrent canal; L, lophocyte; M, myocyte; SC, sclerocyte; S, secretory cell; SL, spicule in fibre; SP, spongocyte; ST, substrate. (After Bergquist PR (1998) Porifera. In: Anderson DT (ed.) Invertebrate Zoology, chap 2, p. 15. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.)
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 Further Reading
    book Bergquist PR (1978) Sponges. London: Hutchinson.
    book Bergquist PR (1998) "Porifera". In: Anderson DT (ed.) Invertebrate Zoology, pp. 10–27. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
    book Levi C (1998) Sponges of the New Caledonian Lagoon. Collection Faune et Flore Tropicales No. xxxiii, pp. 1–214. Paris: Editions de l’Orstom.
    book Simpson TL (1984) The Cell Biology of Sponges, pp. 1–662. New York: Springer-Verlag.
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How to Cite close
Bergquist, Patricia R(Apr 2001) Porifera (Sponges). In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1038/npg.els.0001582]