References
Bergquist PR
(1978) Sponges, 268 p. London: Hutchinson & Co.
Boury‐Esnault N
,
Lavrov DV
,
Ruiz CA
and
Pérez T
(2013) The integrative taxonomic approach applied to porifera: A case study of the Homoscleromorpha. Integrative and Comparative Biology 24. 10.1093/icb/ict042.
Boute N
,
Exposito JY
,
Boury‐Esnault N
et al. (1996) Type IV collagen in sponges, the missing link in basement membrane ubiquity. Biology of the Cell 88: 37–44.
Brusca RC
and
Brusca GJ
(2003) Invertebrates, 2nd edn. Sunderland, MA: Sinaeur.
Carballo JL
,
Bautista E
,
Nava H
,
Cruz‐Barraza JA
and
Chavez JA
(2012) Boring sponges, an increasing threat for coral reefs affected by bleaching events. Ecology and Evolution. 10.1002/ece3.452
Darah I
,
Lim CL
,
Nurul‐Aili Z
,
Nor‐Afifah S
and
Shaida‐Fariza S
(2011) Effects of methanolic extract of a soft sponge, Haliclona sp. on bacterial cells: structural degeneration study. International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy 2: 1–6.
Dunn CW
,
Hejnol A
,
Matus DQ
et al. (2008) Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 452: 745–749.
Ereskovsky AV
(2010) The comparative embryology of sponges. Dordrecht: Springer.
Ereskovsky AV
,
Borchiellini C
,
Gazave E
et al. (2009). The Homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella lobularis, a promising sponge model in evolutionary and developmental biology. Bioessays 31: 89–97.
Ereskovsky AV
,
Renard E
and
Borchiellini C
(2013) Cellular and molecular processes leading to embryo formation in sponges: evidences for high conservation of processes throughout animal evolution. Developmental Genes and Evolution 223(1–2): 5–22.
Erwin DH
,
Laflamme M
,
Tweedt SM
et al. (2011) The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091–1097.
Funayama N
(2013) The stem cell system in demosponges: suggested involvement of two types of cells: archeocytes (active stem cells) and choanocytes (food‐entrapping flagellated cells). Developmental Genes and Evolution 223(1–2): 23–38.
Gazave E
,
Lapébie P
,
Renard E
et al. (2008) NK homeobox genes with choanocyte‐specific expression in homoscleromorph sponges. Developmental Genes and Evolution 218: 479–489.
Gazave E
,
Lapebie P
,
Ereskovsky AV
et al. (2012) No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera. Hydrobiologia 687(1): 3–10.
Gazave E
,
Lavrov DV
,
Cabrol J
et al. (2013) Systematics and molecular phylogeny of the family oscarellidae (homoscleromorpha) with description of two new Oscarella species. PLoS One 8(5): e63976.
Jacobs DK
,
Nakanishi N
,
Yuan D
et al. (2007) Evolution of sensory structures in basal metazoa. Integrative and Comparative Biology 47: 712–723.
Leys SP
,
Mackie GO
and
Reiswig HM
(2007) The biology of glass sponges. Advances in Marine Biology 52: 1–145.
Leys SP
,
Yahel G
,
Reidenbach MA
et al. (2011) The sponge pump: The role of current induced flow in the design of the sponge body plan. PLoS One 6: e27787. 10.1371/journal.pone.0027787
Nickel M
,
Scheer C
,
Hammel JU
,
Herzen J
and
Beckmann F
(2011) The contractile sponge epithelium sensu lato‐body contraction of the demosponge Tethya wilhelma is mediated by the pinacoderm. Journal of Experimental Biology 15; 214(10): 1692–1698.
Nielsen C
(2008) Six major steps in animal evolution: are we derived sponge larvae. Evolution and Development 10: 241–257.
Nosenko T
,
Schreiber F
,
Adamska M
et al. (2013) Deep metazoan phylogeny: when different genes tell different stories. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67(1): 223–233.
Philippe H
,
Derelle R
,
Lopez P
et al. (2009) Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships. Current Biology 19: 706–712.
Philippe H
,
Brinkmann H
,
Lavrov DV
et al. (2011) Resolving difficult phylogenetic questions: why more sequences are not enough. PLoS Biology 9(3): e1000602. 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000602.
Pick KS
,
Philippe H
,
Schreiber F
et al. (2010). Improved phylogenomic taxon sampling noticeably affects nonbilaterian relationships. Molecular Biology and Evolution 27: 1983–1987.
Pronzato R
and
Manconi R
(2008) Mediterranean commercial sponges: over 5000 years of natural history and cultural heritage. Marine Ecology 29: 146–166.
Reiswig HM
(1971)
In situ pumping activities of tropical Demospongiae.Marine Biology 9: 38–50.
Renard E
,
Vacelet J
,
Gazave E
et al. (2009) Origin of the neuro‐sensory system: new and expected insights from sponges. Integrative Zoology 4: 294–308.
Rigby JK
and
Hou XG
(1995) Lower Cambrian demosponges and hexactinellid sponges from Yunnan. Chinese Journal of Paleontology 69: 1009–1019.
Schierwater B
,
Eitel M
,
Jakob W
et al. (2009) Concatenated analysis sheds light on early metazoan evolution and fuels a modern “urmetazoan” hypothesis. PLoS Biology 7(1): e1000020.
Schill RO
,
Pfannkuchen M
,
Fritz G
,
Köhler HR
and
Brümmer F
(2006) Quiescent Gemmules of the Freshwater Sponge, Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Contain Remarkably High Levels of Hsp70 Stress Protein and Hsp70 Stress Gene mRNA. Journal of Experimental Zoology part A: Comparative Experimental Biology 305A, 5. 10.1002/jez.a.281
Simpson TL
(1984) The Cell Biology of Sponges. New York: Springer Verlag.
Sperling EA
,
Peterson KJ
and
Pisani D
(2009) Phylogenetic‐signal dissection of nuclear housekeeping genes supports the paraphyly of sponges and the monophyly of Eumetazoa. Molecular Biology and Evolution 26: 2261–2274.
Torres YR
,
Berlinck RGS
,
Nascimento GGF
et al. (2002) Antibacterial activity against resistant bacteria and cytotoxicity of four alkaloid toxins isolated from marine sponge Arenosclera brasiliensis
. Toxicon 40: 885–891.
Vacelet J
and
Boury‐Esnault N
(1995) Carnivorous sponges. Nature (London) 373: 333–335.
Vacelet J
and
Duport
(2004) Prey capture and digestion in the carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoomorphology 123: 179–190.
Touati I
,
Chaieb K
,
Bakhrouf A
and
Gaddour K
(2007) Screening of antimicrobial activity of marine sponge extracts collected from Tunisian coast. Journal of Medical Mycology 17: 183–187.
Webster NS
and
Taylor MW
(2012) Marine sponges and their microbial symbionts: love and other relationships. Environmental Microbiology 14(2): 335–346. 10.1111/j.1462‐2920.2011.02460.x
Wörheide G
,
Dohrmann M
,
Erpenbeck D
et al. (2012) Deep phylogeny and evolution of sponges (phylum Porifera). Advances in Marine Biology 61: 1–78.
Further Reading
Funayama N
(2010) The stem cell system in demosponges: Insights into the origin of somatic stem cells. Development, Growth & Differentiation 52(1): 1–14.
Leys SP
(2004) Gastrulation in Sponges. In:
Stern CD
(ed.) Gastrulation: From cell to embryo, pp 23–32. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press.
Manuel M
(2009) Early evolution of symmetry and polarity in metazoan body plans. Comptes Rendus Biologies 332(2–3): 184–209.