M Boulter, Natural History Museum, London, UK
Published online: March 2003
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0001658
Since the last ice age the number of individuals of many species of animals and plants have declined, often to zero. The losses reflect environmental changes caused both naturally and by humans.
Keywords: extinction; Homo sapiens; biodiversity; environment
| Further Reading | |
| book Bennett KD (1997) Evolution and Ecology: The Pace of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | |
| book Boulter MC (2002) Extinction: Evolution and the End of Man. London: Fourth Estate. | |
| Boulter MC and Hewzulla D (1999) Evolutionary modelling from family diversity. Palaeontologia Electronica 2. ePath http://www-odp.tamu.edu/paleo/1999_2/model/plain.htm | |
| Gonzalez S, Kitchener AC and Lister AM (2000) Survival of the Irish elk into the Holocene. Nature 405: 753–754. | |
| book Gould SJ (2002) The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. | |
| book Lawton JH and May RM (eds) (1995) Extinction Rates. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | |
| book Martin PS and Wright HE (eds) (1967) Pleistocene Extinctions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. | |
| Nee S and May RM (1997) Extinction and the loss of evolutionary history. Science 278: 692–694. | |
| Sala OE, Chapin III FS, Armesto R et al. (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287: 1770–1775. | |
| Silva JMC and Tabareill M (2000) Tree species impoverishment and the future flora of the Atlantic forest of north east Brazil. Nature 404: 72–75. | |
| Tattersall I and Matternes JH (2000) Once we were not alone. Scientific American 282: 38–49. | |
| Walther G-R, Post E, Convey P et al. (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416: 389–395. | |
| book Whittaker RJ (1998) Island Biogeography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | |
| Willis KJ and Whittaker RJ (2000) The refugial debate. Science 287: 1406–1407. | |
| book Wilson EO (2002) The Future of Life. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. | |
Copyright © 2000-2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., or related companies. All rights reserved.
