Plant Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes

Robert Paul Donaldson, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
Yoon Kwak, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
Tulin Yanik, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Vishakha Sharma, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA

Published online: December 2008

DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0001677.pub2

Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes are membrane enclosures containing enzymes that participate in photorespiration in leaves, nitrogen metabolism in root nodules and fat conversions in seeds. Oxidases in these organelles circumvent energy conservation by producing hydrogen peroxide, which is detoxified by catalase in the matrix and ascorbate peroxidase in the membrane. Some hydrogen peroxide may oxidize proteins within the organelles or function as a signalling molecule. Processes in these organelles also produce hormones (jasmonic acid, indole acetic acid). Peroxisomal proteins are brought in from the cytosol by peroxisomal targeting sequences (PTS). The recognition of the PTS and translocation into the organelles are processes conducted by Peroxins. Genomic and proteomic analyses have recently revealed that plant peroxisomes and glyoxysomes can contain over a 100 different protein molecules, many having unknown functions.

Keywords: microbodies; hydrogen peroxide; photorespiration; glyoxylate cycle; fatty acid oxidation; peroxisomal-targeting sequence

Figure 1. A leaf-type peroxisome in an oat coleoptile. The crystal, probably catalase, within the peroxisome is typical of leaf peroxisomes. Reproduced and modified, with permission, from Vigil (1973).
Figure 2. -Oxidation and glyoxylate cycle enzymes in glyoxysomes. The -oxidation enzymes are acyl–CoA oxidase (AO), enoyl–CoA hydratase combined with 3-hydroxy acyl–CoA dehydrogenase in the bifunctional protein (BP) and 3-ketoacyl–CoA thiolase (TH). Glyoxylate-cycle enzymes are isocitrate lyase (IL) and malate synthase (MS), citrate synthase (CS), aconitase (AC) and malate dehydrogenase (MD). Membrane enzymes include ascorbate peroxidase (AP) and ascorbate free radical reductase (AR). Both catalase (CAT) and AP consume hydrogen peroxide. Asc, ascorbate; Asc•; ascorbate free radical.
Figure 3. Metal-catalysed oxidation of ICL and CAT detected using both dinitrophyenyl hydrazine (DNP) derivatization and biotinylation. (A1) Samples (17 g of castor bean glyoxysomal protein) were treated with DNP and detected with anti-DNP antibody. (A2) The same nitrocellulose membrane was stripped with 3 M guanidine thiocyanate, reprobed with ICL and CAT antibodies one at a time. (B1) Biotinylated samples (1 g of protein) were detected with avidin-HRP. (B2) The same membrane was reprobed with ICL and CAT antibodies after stripping with 3 M guanidine thiocyanate. Lane 1, control sample not incubated with 100 M CuCl2/4 mM ascorbate; lane 2, sample incubated with 100 M CuCl2/4 mM ascorbate for 30 min and lane 3, sample incubated with 100 M CuCl2/4 mM ascorbate for 1 h. Kwak and Donaldson (unpublished).
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Article Title: Plant Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes
 
How to Cite close
Donaldson, Robert Paul, Kwak, Yoon, Yanik, Tulin, and Sharma, Vishakha(Dec 2008) Plant Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0001677.pub2]