| References |
|
|
Anderson DJ,
Reeve J and
Bird DM
(1997)
Sexually dimorphic eggs, nestling growth and sibling competition in American Kestrels Falco sparverius.
Functional Ecology
11: 331335.
|
|
|
Belhassen E,
Dommee B,
Atlan A et al.
(1991)
Complex determination of male sterility in Thymus vulgaris L.: genetic and molecular analysis.
Theoretical and Applied Genetics
82: 137143.
|
|
|
Boomsma JJ and
Grafen A
(1990)
Intraspecific variation in ant sex ratios and the TriversHare hypothesis.
Evolution
44: 10261034.
|
|
|
Boomsma JJ and
Grafen A
(1991)
Colony-level sex-ratio selection in the eusocial Hymenoptera.
Journal of Evolutionary Biology
4: 383407.
|
|
|
book
Bourke AFG and
Franks NR
(1995)
Social Evolution in Ants.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
|
|
|
Bull JJ and
Charnov EL
(1988)
How fundamental are Fisherian sex ratios?
Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology
5: 96135.
|
|
|
book
Bulmer M
(1994)
Theoretical Evolutionary Ecology.
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
|
|
|
Charlesworth D and
Laporte V
(1998)
The male-sterility polymorphism of Silene vulgaris: analysis of genetic data from two populations and comparison with Thymus vulgaris.
Genetics
150: 12671282.
|
|
|
book
Charnov EL
(1982)
The Theory of Sex Allocation.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
|
|
|
book
Charnov EL
(1993)
Life-History Invariants.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
|
|
|
Charnov EL
(1996)
Sperm competition and sex allocation in simultaneous hermaphrodites.
Evolutionary Ecology
10: 457462.
|
|
|
Clark AB
(1978)
Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate.
Science
201: 162165.
|
|
|
book
Clutton-Brock TH
(1991)
The Evolution of Parental Care.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
|
|
|
book
Crozier RH and
Pamilo P
(1996)
Evolution of Social Insect Colonies: Sex Allocation and Kin Selection.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
|
|
|
Daan S,
Dijkstra C and
Weissing FJ
(1996)
An evolutionary explanation for seasonal trends in avian sex ratios.
Behavioral Ecology
7: 426430.
|
|
|
book
Darwin C
(1871)
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex.
London: John Murray.
|
|
|
book
Düsing C
(1884)
Die Regulierung des Geschlechtverhältnisses.
Jena, Germany: Fischer.
|
|
|
book
Eckhart VM and
Seger J
(1999)
"Phenological and developmental costs of male sex function in hermaphroditic plants".
In: Vuorisalo T and
Mutikainen P (eds)
Life History Evolution in Plants,
pp. 195213.
Dordrecht, Kluwer.
|
|
|
Edwards AWF
(1998)
Natural selection and the sex ratio: Fisher's sources.
American Naturalist
151: 564569.
|
|
|
Ellegren H,
Gustafsson L and
Sheldon BC
(1996)
Sex ratio adjustment in relation to paternal attractiveness in a wild bird population.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA:
93: 1172311728.
|
|
|
Emlen ST
(1997)
When mothers prefer daughters over sons.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12: 291292.
|
|
|
Emlen ST,
Emlen JM and
Levin SA
(1986)
Sex-ratio selection in species with helpers-at-the-nest.
American Naturalist
127: 18.
|
|
|
Evans JD
(1995)
Relatedness threshold for the production of female sexuals in colonies of a polygynous ant, Myrmica tahoensis, as revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
92: 65146517.
|
|
|
Fischer EA
(1981)
Sexual allocation in a simultaneously hermaphroditic coral reef fish.
American Naturalist
117: 6482.
|
|
|
Fischer EA
(1984)
Local mate competition and sex allocation in simultaneous hermaphrodites.
American Naturalist
124: 590596.
|
|
|
book
Fisher RA
(1930)
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
|
|
|
Frank SA
(1990)
Sex-allocation theory for birds and mammals.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
21: 1355.
|
|
|
book
Frank SA
(1998)
Foundations of Social Evolution.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
|
|
|
book
Godfray HCJ
(1994)
Parasitoids.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
|
|
|
Godfray HCJ and
Werren JH
(1996)
Recent developments in sex ratio studies.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
11: 5963.
|
|
|
de Haan AA,
Hundscheid MPJ and
Van Hinsberg A
(1997a)
Effects of CMS types and restorer alleles on plant performance in Plantago lanceolata L.: an indication of the costs of restoration.
Journal of Evolutionary Biology
10: 803820.
|
|
|
de Haan AA,
Luyten RMJM,
Bakx-Schotman TJMT and
Van Damme JMM
(1997b)
The dynamics of gynodioecy in Plantago lanceolata L. I. Frequencies of male-steriles and their cytoplasmic male sterility types.
Genetics
147: 453462.
|
|
|
de Haan AA,
Koelewijn HP,
Hundscheid MPJ and
Van Damme JMM
(1997c)
The dynamics of gynodioecy in Plantago lanceolata L. II. Mode of action and frequencies of restorer alleles.
Genetics
147: 13171328.
|
|
|
Hamilton WD
(1967)
Extraordinary sex ratios.
Science
156: 477488.
|
|
|
book
Herre EA,
West SA,
Cook JM,
Compton SG and
Kjellberg F
(1997)
"Fig-associated wasps: pollinators and parasites, sex-ratio adjustment and male polymorphism, population structure and its consequences".
In: Choe JC and
Crespi BJ (eds)
The Evolution of Mating Systems in Insects and Arachnids,
pp. 226239.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
|
|
|
Hewison AJM and
Gaillard J-M
(1999)
Successful sons or advantaged daughters? The TriversWillard model and sex-biased maternal investment in ungulates.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
14: 229234.
|
|
|
book
Karlin S and
Lessard S
(1986)
Theoretical Studies on Sex Ratio Evolution.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
|
|
|
Kilner R
(1998)
Primary and secondary sex ratio manipulation by zebra finches.
Animal Behavior
56: 155164.
|
|
|
Klinkhamer PGL,
de Jong TJ and
Metz H
(1997)
Sex and size in cosexual plants.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12: 260265.
|
|
|
Komdeur J,
Daan S,
Tinbergen J and
Mateman C
(1997)
Extreme adaptive modification in sex ratio of the Seychelles warbler's eggs.
Nature
385: 522525.
|
|
|
Leigh EG Jr
(1970)
Sex ratio and differential mortality between the sexes.
American Naturalist
104: 205210.
|
|
|
Lewis D
(1941)
Male sterility in natural populations of hermaphrodite plants.
New Phytologist
40: 5663.
|
|
|
book
MacArthur RH
(1965)
"Ecological consequences of natural selection".
In: Waterman TH and
Morowitz H (eds)
Theoretical and Mathematical Biology,
pp. 388397.
New York: Blaisdell.
|
|
|
Nonacs P
(1986)
Ant reproductive strategies and sex allocation theory.
Quarterly Review of Biology
61: 121.
|
|
|
Petersen CW and
Fischer EA
(1996)
Intraspecific variation in sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite: the effect of individual size.
Evolution
50: 636645.
|
|
|
Seger J and
Eckhart VM
(1996)
Evolution of sexual systems and sex allocation in plants when growth and reproduction overlap.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
263: 833841.
|
|
|
Shaw RF and
Mohler JD
(1953)
The selective significance of the sex ratio.
American Naturalist
87: 337342.
|
|
|
Sundström L
(1994)
Sex ratio bias, relatedness asymmetry and queen mating frequency in ants.
Nature
367: 266268.
|
|
|
Sundström L,
Chapuisat M and
Keller L
(1996)
Conditional manipulation of sex ratios by ant workers: a test of kin selection theory.
Science
274: 993995.
|
|
|
book
Trivers R
(1985)
Social Evolution.
Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
|
|
|
Trivers RL and
Hare H
(1976)
Haplodiploidy and the evolution of the social insects.
Science
191: 249263.
|
|
|
Trivers RL and
Willard DE
(1973)
Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring.
Science
179: 9092.
|
|
|
Williams GC
(1979)
The question of adaptive sex ratio in outcrossed vertebrates.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
205: 553559.
|
|
|
book
Wrensch DL and
Ebbert MA (eds)
(1993)
Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites.
New York: Chapman & Hall.
|