Protozoan Evolution and Phylogeny

The study of the evolution and phylogeny of the groups comprising the Protozoa, the so-called lower eukaryotes, serves to elucidate the interrelationships between these, mostly unicellular, forms. They occupy an important ‘gap-bridging’ position on the overall ‘tree of life’ between the more primitive unicellular bacteria (all prokaryotes) and the higher eukaryotes (multicellular plants, fungi, and animals).

Keywords: protozoa; microorganisms; evolution; phylogeny; trees of life; cladograms

Figure 1. A mid-twentieth century phylogenetic tree for the Protozoa sensu lato, with indication of other major eukaryotic lineages as well, proposed essentially before evolutionarily helpful data were available from ultrastructural and molecular biological research studies but compatible with taxonomic schemes of the time (modified from Corliss, (1960), 1998a).
Figure 2. Modern evolutionary/phylogenetic ‘trees’ for the biotic world, with emphasis on the eukaryotes and on the protistan assemblages (including major protozoan groups: note asterisks) therein, based primarily on molecular (rRNA sequencing) data. (a) Modified from Schlegel's (1998) alteration of a figure originally in Leipe and Hausmann 1993); (b) modified from Schlegel's (1998) alteration of a figure originally in Sogin (1991); and (c) modified from a figure in Sogin and Hinkle (1997). Note the clusters of groups; but such arrangements do not (yet) match any particular proposed taxonomic scheme and even seem to differ quite substantially among themselves.
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 References
    Cavalier-Smith T (1993) Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57: 953–994.
    Cavalier-Smith T (1995) Evolutionary protistology comes of age: biodiversity and molecular cell biology. Archiv für Protistenkunde 145: 145–154.
    Cavalier-Smith T (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.
    book Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA and Warren A (eds) (1998) Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Corliss JO (1960) Comments on the systematics and phylogeny of the Protozoa. Systematic Zoology 8(4)(year 1959): 169–190.
    Corliss JO (1994) An interim utilitarian (‘user-friendly’) hierarchical classification and characterization of the protists. Acta Protozoologica 33: 1–51.
    book Corliss JO (1998a) "Classification of protozoa and protists: the current status". In: Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA and Warren A (eds) Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa, pp. 409–447. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Corliss JO (1998b) Haeckel's kingdom Protista and current concepts in systematic protistology. Stapfia 56: 85–104.
    book Corliss JO (2000) "Biodiversity, classification, and numbers of species of protists". In: Raven P and Williams T (eds) Nature and Human Society: the Quest for a Sustainable World, pp. 130–155. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    book Hausmann K and Hülsmann N (1996) Protozoology, 2nd edn. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme.
    Leipe DD and Hausmann K (1993) Neue Erkenntniss zur Stammesgeschichte der Eukaryoten. Biologie unsere Zeit 23: 178–183.
    book Margulis L (1993) Symbiosis in Cell Evolution, 2nd edn. San Francisco: WH Freeman.
    book Patterson DJ (1994) "Protozoa: evolution and systematics". In: Hausmann K and Hülsmann N (eds) Progress in Protistology (Proceedings of the IX International Congress of Protozoology, Berlin, July–August 1993), pp. 1–14. Stuttgart: G. Fischer.
    Patterson DJ (1999) The diversity of eukaryotes. American Naturalist 154(suppl.): S96–S124.
    book Philippe H and Adoutte A (1998) "The molecular phylogeny of Eukaryota: solid facts and uncertainties". In: Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA, and Warren A (eds) Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa, pp. 25–56. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Schlegel M (1998) Diversität und Phylogenie der Protisten – aufgedeckt mit molecularen Merkmalen. Stapfia 56: 105–118.
    Sogin ML (1991) Early evolution and the origin of eukaryotes. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 1: 457–463.
    book Sogin ML and Hinkle G (1997) "Common measures for studies of biodiversity: molecular phylogeny in the eukaryotic microbial world". In: Reaka-Kudla ML, Wilson DE and Wilson EO (eds) Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, pp. 109–122. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press.
    book Vickerman K (1998) "Revolution among the Protozoa". In: Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA and Warren A (eds) Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa, pp. 1–24. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
 Further Reading
    Andersen RA (1992) Diversity of eukaryotic algae. Biodiversity and Conservation 1: 267–292.
    book Corliss JO (1979) The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature, 2nd edn. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press.
    Corliss JO (1986) Progress in protistology during the first decade following reemergence of the field as a respectable interdisciplinary area in modern biological research. Progress in Protistology 1: 11–63.
    book Corliss JO (1991) "Introduction to the Protozoa". In: Harrison FW and Corliss JO (eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, vol. 1, pp. 1–12. New York: Wiley-Liss.
    Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622–627.
    book Lee JJ, Hutner SH and Bovee EC (eds) (1985) An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Lawrence, KS: Society of Protozoologists.
    book Lipscomb DL (1991) "Broad classification: the kingdoms and the protozoa". In: Kreier JP and Baker JR (eds) Parasitic Protozoa, 2nd edn, vol. 1, pp. 81–136. San Diego: Academic Press.
    Lynn DH and Small EB (1997) A revised classification of the phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural 47: 65–78.
    Margulis L (1996) Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93: 1071–1076.
    book Margulis L, Corliss JO, Melkonian M and Chapman DJ (eds) (1990) Handbook of Protoctista. Boston: Jones and Bartlett.
    Patterson DJ (1989a) The evolution of protozoa. Memoirs Institute Oswaldo Cruz 83 (supplement 1, year 1988): 580–600.
    book Patterson DJ (1989b) "Stramenopiles: chromophytes from a protistan perspective". In: Green JC, Leadbeater BSC and Diver WI (eds) The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives, pp. 357–379. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    book Sleigh MA (1989) Protozoa and Other Protists, 2nd edn. London: Arnold.
    Vickerman K (1992) The diversity and ecological significance of Protozoa. Biodiversity and Conservation 1: 334–341.
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Corliss, John O(Jun 2001) Protozoan Evolution and Phylogeny. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1038/npg.els.0001935]