Figure 1. Examples of plants that use different modes of reproduction. (a) Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Note the young plantlets growing on the leaf margins. (b) Selaginellaceae sp., a moss. (c) Marchantia sp., a liverwort. (d) Polypodium sp., a fern. The under side of the frond is shown; the brown, circular structures are the sori. (e) Zamia sp., a cycad. A female plant is pictured. (f) Gingko biloba, gingko (maidenhair) tree, showing the fruits. Zamia and Gingko are examples of gymnosperms.

Figure 2. (a) Drawings of diatoms (phylum Bacillariophyta) showing the range of different shapes. (b) Chlamydomonas reinhardti structure and diagram of Chlamydomonas life cycle.

Figure 3. Sexual reproduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. (a) Structures of the pistil are indicated on the left-hand side, events in reproduction on the right (see text for details). (b) Schematics of male gametophyte development. (c) Schematics of female gametophyte development. (d) Structure of an ovule, housing the egg. (e) Photograph of Arabidopsis thaliana.