William Keatinge, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, UK
Published online: January 2003
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0002144
The great majority of illness and mortality caused by heat and cold is produced indirectly through promotion of various disease processes and injuries. Other complications of this nature are due directly to cooling or overheating of the body core (hypothermia or hyperthermia).
Keywords: seasonal mortality; hypothermia; frost bite; hyperthermia; heat stroke
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Figure 1. Fall of body temperature of fat and thin people in water at 15°C for 30 min. From Keatinge (1960).
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Figure 2. Changes in air temperature and mortality associated with a cold day, south-east England. Mortality is shown as deaths per 10
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| References | |
| Bull GM and Morton J (1978) Environment, temperature and death rates. Age and Ageing 7: 210–224. | |
| Donaldson GC and Keatinge WR (1997) Early increases in ischaemic heart disease mortality dissociated from, and later changes associated with, respiratory mortality, after cold weather in south-east England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 51: 643–648. | |
| Donaldson GC, Ermakov SP, Komarov YM, MacDonald CP and Keatinge WR (1998) Cold-related mortalities and protection against cold in Yakutsk, eastern Siberia: observation and interview study. British Medical Journal 317: 978–982. | |
| Eurowinter Group (1997) Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. Lancet 349: 1341–1346. | |
| Gale EAM, Bennett T, Green JH and MacDonald IA (1981) Hypoglycaemia, hypothermia and shivering in man. Clinical Science 61: 463–469. | |
| Golden FS, Hervey GR and Tipton MJ (1991) Circum-rescue collapse, sometimes fatal, associated with rescue of immersion victims. Journal of the Royal Navy Service 77: 139–149. | |
| Haight JSJ and Keatinge WR (1973) Failure of thermoregulation in the cold during hypoglycaemia induced by exercise and ethanol. Journal of Physiology 229: 87–97. | |
| Keatinge WR (1960) The effects of subcutaneous fat and of previous exposure to cold on the body temperature, peripheral blood flow and metabolic rate of men in cold water. Journal of Physiology 153: 166–178. | |
| Keatinge WR, Mason AC, Millard CE and Newstead CG (1986) Effects of fluctuating skin temperature on thermoregulatory responses in man. Journal of Physiology 373: 241–251. | |
| book McCance RA, Ungley CC, Crosfill JWL and Widdowson EM (1956) The Hazards to Men in Ships Lost at Sea, 1940–44. Medical Research Council Special Report Series no 291. London: MRC. | |
| Neild PJ, Syndercombe-Court D, Keatinge WR et al. (1994) Cold-induced increases in erythrocyte count, plasma cholesterol, and plasma fibrinogen of elderly people without comparable rise in protein C or factor X. Clinical Science 86: 43–48. | |
| Woodhouse P, Keatinge WR and Coleshaw SRK (1989) Factors associated with hypothermia in patients admitted to a group of inner city hospitals. Lancet ii: 1201–1205. | |
| Woodhouse PR, Khaw K-T, Plummer M, Foley A and Meade TW (1994) Seasonal variations of plasma fibrinogen and factor VII activity in the elderly: winter infection and death from cardiovascular disease. Lancet 343: 435–439. | |
| Further Reading | |
| Florez-Duquet M and McDonald RB (1998) Cold-induced thermoregulation and biological aging. Physiological Reviews 78: 339–358. | |
| book Keatinge WR (1969) Survival in Cold Water. The Physiology and Treatment of Immersion Hypothermia and Drowning. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. | |
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