Strabismus, or squint, is a misalignment of the eyes. As strabismus may result in lifelong patterns of defective vision, early detection and treatment are of great importance.
Keywords: esotropia; exotropia; motility; accommodation; fusion
Squint (Strabismus): Mechanisms and Significance
Nicole H De Larato, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Leila M Khazaeni, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Nicholas J Volpe, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Jane C Edmond, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Published online: January 2006
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0004109
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Figure 1. Demonstration of the Hirschberg test.
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Figure 2. Demonstration of the alternate cover test.
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Figure 3. A 4-year-old girl with history of nonaccommodative esotropia.
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Figure 4. A 3-year-old boy with exotropia.
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| Further Reading | |
| book American Academy of Ophthalmology Basic and Clinical Science Course (2003–2004) Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, sect. 6, pp. 9–184. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology. | |
| book Greenwald MJ and Parks MM (1990) "Amblyopia". In: Tasman W and Jaeger EA (eds) Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology, vol. 1 "chap. 10", pp. 1–22. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott. | |
| Ing MR (1983) Early surgical alignment for congenital esotropia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 20: 11–18. | |
| Kraft SP (1998) A surgical approach for Duane syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 25(3): 119–130. | |
| book Kraft SP, Scott WE (1986) "Classification and surgical treatment of superior oblique palsies: I. Unilateral superior oblique palsies". In: Crawford JS, Flynn JT, Haik BG, et al. (eds) Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus: Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology, pp. 15–38. New York: Raven Press. | |
| Kushner BJ (1988) Exotropic deviations: a functional classification and approach to treatment. American Orthoptic Journal 38: 81–93. | |
| book Nelson LB, Calhoun JH and Harley RD (1998) "Strabismus disorders". In: Olitsky SE and Nelson LB (eds) Pediatric Ophthalmology, "chap. 8", pp. 146–198. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. | |
| book Parks MM (1975) Ocular Motility and Strabismus. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row. | |
| book Parks MM and Mitchell PR (1989) "Ophthalmoplegic syndromes and trauma". In: Tasman W and Jaeger EA (eds) Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology, "chap. 20", pp. 5–7. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott. | |
| book Tychesen L (1992) "Binocular vision". In: Hart MM (ed.) Adler's Physiology of the Eye: Clinical Applications, 9th edn, pp. 773–853. St Louis: Mosby. | |
| book von Noorden GK (1996) "Physiology of the ocular movements". In: Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility,"chap. 4", pp. 53–84. New York: Mosby. | |
| book Wright KW (1991) Color Atlas of Ophthalmic Surgery: Strabismus, pp. 10–216. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott. | |
