Deepti Radia, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
Beverley J Hunt, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
Published online: April 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0002254
Various states, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, vitamin K deficiency, massive transfusion, renal and liver disease, and hyperfibrinolysis, can result in haemostatic failure.
Keywords: disseminated intravascular coagulation; vitamin K; massive transfusion; renal disease; liver disease; hyperfibrinolysis
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Figure 1. Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
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Figure 2. The multiple potential effects of thrombin.
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| References | |
| Baglin T (1996) Disseminated intravascular coagulation: diagnosis and treatment. British Medical Journal 312: 683–687. | |
| Bossi P, Cabane J, Dhote R et al. (1998) Acquired haemophilia due to factor VIII inhibitors in 34 patients. American Journal of Medicine 105: 400–408. | |
| Hay CR (1998) Factor VIII inhibitors in mild and moderate-severity haemophilia A. Haemophilia 4: 558–563. | |
| Hunt BJ (1997) Perioperative bleeding. Current Anaesthesia and Critical Care 8: 36–41. | |
| Hunt BJ and Segal H (1996) Hyperfibrinolysis. Journal of Clinical Pathology 49: 958. | |
| Levi M and de Jonge E (2000) Current management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hospital Practice (Office Edition) 35: 59–66. | |
| Menell JS, Cesarman GM, Jacovina AT et al. (1999) Annexin II and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. New England Journal of Medicine 340: 994–1003. | |
| Oudijk EJ, Nieuwenhuis HK, Bos R and Fijnheer R (2000) Elastase mediated fibrinolysis in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 83: 906–908. | |
| Reiss RF (2000) Haemostatic defects in massive transfusion: rapid diagnosis and management. American Journal of Critical Care 9: 158–165. | |
| Smith OP and White B (1999) Infectious purpura fulminans: diagnosis and treatment. British Journal of Haematology 104: 202–207. | |
| Sutar AH, von Kries R, Cornelissen EA, McNinch AW and Andrew M (1999) Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infancy. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 81: 456–461. | |
| ten Cate H (2000) Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Critical Care Medicine 28: S9–11. | |
| Further Reading | |
| Ben-Ari Z, Osman E, Hutton RA and Burroughs AK (1999) Disseminated intravascular coagulation in liver cirrhosis – fact or fiction? American Journal of Gastroenterology 94: 2977–2982. | |
| Hunt BJ and Jurd KM (1998) Endothelial cell activation; a central pathophysiological process. British Medical Journal 316: 1328–1329. | |
| Levi M, de Jonge E, van der Poll and ten Cate H (2000) Novel approaches to the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Critical Care Medicine 29: S20–24. | |
| Puckett RM and Offringa M (2000) Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates (Cochrane review). Cochrane Database Systems Review 4: CD002776. | |
| Rocha E, Paramo JA, Montes R and Panizo C (1998) Acute generalized, widespread bleeding, diagnosis and management. Haematologica 83: 1024–1037. | |
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