Robin M Winter, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
Published online: April 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0002319
Birth defects are abnormalities in a baby present at birth that may by life-threatening or disabling. They may occur singly or associated with another abnormality in a syndrome, and may be caused by a number of genetic and environmental factors.
Keywords: malformation; deformation; disruption; chromosome; gene
| Further Reading | |
| book Jones KL (1997) Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation, 5th edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. | |
| Kalter H and Warkany J (1983) Congenital malformations – etiologic factors and their role in prevention. New England Journal of Medicine 308: 424–431 and 491–497. [Two parts] | |
| ePath McKusick's Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) [http://www3.ncbi.nlm.gov/Omim/] | |
| book Spranger J, Benirshke K, Hall JG et al. (1982) "Errors of morphogenesis: concepts and terms". Journal of Pediatrics 100: 160–165. | |
| book Winter RM, Knowles SAS, Bieber FR and Baraitser M (1988) The Malformed Fetus and Still Birth, pp. 9–11. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. | |
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