Quay Dortch, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, Louisiana, USA
Published online: August 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0002334
Harmful algal blooms result from the excessive growth of algae, with deleterious effects on human or animal health or on ecosystems; many produce biotoxins. The incidence of harmful algal blooms may be increasing as a result of eutrophication, transport to new areas by ballast water, or aquaculture/mariculture.
Keywords: biotoxins; eutrophication; phytoplankton; ballast water; fish kills
| References | |
| Anderson DM (1995) Toxic red tides and harmful algal blooms: a practical challenge in coastal oceanography. Reviews of Geophysics 33 (supplement): 1189–1200. | |
| Anderson DM (1997) Turning back the harmful red tide. Nature 388: 513–514. | |
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| Further Reading | |
| other Anderson DM and Garrison DJ (eds) (1997) The ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms. Limnology and Oceanography 42 (5, part 2). | |
| book Anderson DM, Cembella AD and Hallegraeff GM (eds) (1998) Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms. NATO ASI Series G. Ecological Sciences 41. Berlin: Springer. | |
| book Chorus I and Bartram J (eds) (1999) Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water. A Guide to their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. London: World Health Organization, Routledge. | |
| Hallegraeff GM (1993) Review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 32: 79–99. | |
| book Hallegraeff GM, Anderson DM, Cembella AD and Enevoldsen H (eds) (1995) Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 33, Paris. | |
| proceedings Lassus P, Arzul G, Erard-Le Denn E, Gentien P and Marcaillou-Le Baut C (eds) (1995) "Harmful Marine Algal Blooms". Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, October 1993, Nantes, France. Paris: Lavoisier. | |
| proceedings Moestrup Ø, Blackburn S, Preisig H, Sivonen K and Kononen K (eds) (1996) Proceedings of the First International Congress on Toxic Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae) Bornholm 20–24 August 1995, and First Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation Symposium on Recent Developments in Cyanobacterial Reserach, Helsinki, 16–18 August 1995. Phycologia 35 (6 supplement). | |
| proceedings Reguera B, Blanco J, Fernandez ML and Wyat T (eds) (1998) "Harmful Algae". Proceedings of the VIII International Conference, Vigo, 1997. Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. GRAFISANT, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. | |
| proceedings Smayda TJ and Yuzuru Shimizu (eds) (1993) "Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea". Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, Newport, RI, October 28–November 1 1991. Amsterdam: Elsevier. | |
| Yasumoto T and Murata M (1993) Marine toxins. Chemical Reviews 93: 1897–1909. | |
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