Morphometrics is the quantitative summary of size and shape differences among organisms and their components.
Keywords: shape; shape change; landmarks; growth and form; deformation; image analysis
Morphometrics
Fred L Bookstein, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Published online: April 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0002648
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Figure 1. Thirteen landmarks on a typical midsagittal image.
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Figure 2. Procrustes shape coordinates for 28 cases; o, normal; ×, schizophrenic.
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Figure 3. Group mean shapes, normal (o) and schizophrenic (×) subsamples.
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Figure 4. A thin-plate spline calls attention to a bulge. (Dots indicate average shape for schizophrenic subjects.)
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Figure 5. From patient to normal, extrapolated until it creases. The feature of Figure
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| References | |
| book Bookstein FL (1991) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data. New York: Cambridge University Press. | |
| Bookstein FL (1997) Shape and the information in medical images: a decade of the morphometric synthesis. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 66: 97–118. | |
| Bookstein FL (2000) Creases as local features of deformation grids. Medical Image Analysis 4: 93–110. | |
| book Dryden IL and Mardia KV (1998) Statistical Shape Analysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. | |
| book Glasbey CA and Horgan GW (1995) Image Analysis for the Biological Sciences. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. | |
| book Good P (1994) Permutation Tests. New York: Springer Verlag. | |
| book Marcus LA, Corti M, Loy A, Naylor GJP and Slice DE (eds) (1996) Advances in Morphometrics. NATO ASI Series A: Life Sciences, vol. 284. New York: Plenum. | |
| book Reyment RA (1991) Multidimensional Palaeobiology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. | |
| Further Reading | |
| Bookstein FL (1996) Morphometrics. Math Horizons February: 28–31. | |
| Bookstein FL, Schäfer K, Prossinger H et al. (1999) Comparing frontal cranial profiles in archaic and modern Homo by morphometric analysis. The Anatomical Record – The New Anatomist 257: 217–224. | |
| Corti M, Marcus LF and Hingst-Zaher E (eds) (2000) Geometric morphometrics in mammalogy. Hystrix; Italian Journal of Mammalogy 11(1). [special issue] | |
| book Marcus LF, Corti M, Loy A, Naylor GJP and Slice DE (eds) (1996) Advances in Morphometrics. NATO ASI Series A: Life Sciences, vol. 284. New York: Plenum. | |
| O’Higgins P (2000) The study of morphological variation in the hominid fossil record: Biology, landmarks, and geometry. Journal of Anatomy 197: 103–120. | |
| ePath Slice DE, Bookstein FL, Marcus LA, and Rohlf FJ (1995) A Glossary for Geometric Morphometrics. [http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/gloss1.html] | |
| book Small C (1996) The Statistical Analysis of Shape. New York: Springer-Verlag. | |
