M Tokeshi, Kyushu University, Kyushu University, Japan
Published online: March 2002
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0003185
Coexistence refers to a state in which different organisms persist together in the same locality. Coexistence of species is a fundamental issue in community ecology.
Keywords: competition; niche differentiation; fractal; agent-mediation; stochasticity
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Figure 1. Fractal coexistence of (a) two species, and (b) four species. Modified from Tokeshi (1999).
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| References | |
| Atkinson WD and Shorrocks B (1984) Aggregation of larval Diptera over discrete and ephemeral breeding sites: the implications for coexistence. American Naturalist 124: 336–351. | |
| Grubb PJ (1977) The maintenance of species richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews 52: 107–145. | |
| Hanski I (1981) Coexistence of competitors in patchy environment with and without predation. Oikos 37: 306–312. | |
| Hubbell SP (1979) Tree dispersion, abundance, and diversity in a tropical dry forest. Science 203: 1299–1309. | |
| Kohyama T (1993) Size-structured tree populations in gap-dynamic forests – the forest architecture hypothesis for the stable coexistence of species. Journal of Ecology 81: 131–143. | |
| Paine RT (1966) Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100: 65–75. | |
| Sale PF (1978) Coexistence of coral reef fishes – a lottery for living space. Environmental Biology of Fishes 3: 85–102. | |
| book Tilman D (1988) Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. | |
| book Tokeshi M (1994) "Community ecology and patchy freshwater habitats". In: Giller PS, Hildrew AG and Raffaelli DG (eds) Aquatic Ecology: Scale: Pattern and Process, pp. 63–91. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific | |
| Further Reading | |
| book Chesson P (1986) "Environmental variation and the coexistence of species". In: Diamond J and Case T (eds) Community Ecology, pp. 240–256. New York: Harper & Row | |
| book Huston MA (1995) Biological Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | |
| Schoener TW (1974) Resource partitioning in ecological communities. Science 185: 27–39. | |
| book Tokeshi M (1999) Species Coexistence: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell Science. | |
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