Migration: Orientation and Navigation
Franz Bairlein, Institute of Avian Research, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
Published online: April 2001
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0003209
Abstract
Directional or compass orientation does not require a geographically fixed reference whereas goal orientation or true navigation
relies on knowledge of the previously experienced goal and the determination of the exact position relative to the goal.
Keywords: compass direction; navigation; homing; biological compasses
Further Reading
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(1996)
Ökologie der Vögel.
Stuttgart: G. Fischer.
Baker RR
(1978)
The Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Migration.
New York: Holmes & Meier.
Berthold P
(1996)
Control of Bird Migration.
London: Chapman & Hall.
Dingle H
(1996)
Migration.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Drake VA and
Gatehouse AG
(1995)
Insect Migration.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gauthreaux SA
(1980)
Animal Migration, Orientation, and Navigation.
New York: Academic Press.
Gwinner E
(1990)
Bird Migration. Physiology and Ecophysiology.
Heidelberg: Springer‐Verlag.
McCleave JD,
Arnold GP,
Dodson JJ and
Neill WH
(1984)
Mechanisms of Migration in Fishes.
New York: Plenum Press.
Papi F
(1992)
Animal Homing.
London: Chapman & Hall.
Schmidt‐Koenig K
(1975)
Migration and Homing in Animals.
Berlin: Springer‐Verlag.
Wiltschko R and
Wiltschko W
(1995)
Magnetic Orientation in Animals.
Berlin: Springer‐Verlag.
Wiltschko W,
Weindler P and
Wiltschko R
(1998)
Interaction of magnetic and celestial cues in the migratory orientation of passerines.
Journal of Avian Biology
29: 606–617.