| References |
|
|
Adler FR and
Harvell CD
(1980)
Inducible defences, phenotypic variability, and biotic environments.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
5:
407410.
|
|
|
Arnqvist G and
Johansson F
(1998)
Ontogenetic reaction norms of predator-induced defensive morphology in dragonfly larvae.
Ecology
79:
18471858.
|
|
|
Benard MF
(2006)
Survival trade-offs between two predator-induced phenotypes in Pacific treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla).
Ecology
87:
340346.
|
|
|
Brönmark C and
Hansson LA
(2000)
Chemical communication in aquatic systems: an introduction.
Oikos
88:
103109.
|
|
|
Brönmark C and
Miner JG
(1992)
Predator-induced phenotypical change in body morphology in Crucian Carp.
Science
258:
13481350.
|
|
|
Chalcraft DR and
Resetarits WJ
(2003)
Predator identity and ecological impacts: functional redundancy or functional diversity?
Ecology
84:
24072418.
|
|
|
Creel S,
Winnie J,
Maxwell B,
Hamlin K and
Creel M
(2005)
Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves.
Ecology
86:
33873397.
|
|
|
Gabriel W,
Luttbeg B,
Sih A and
Tollrian R
(2005)
Environmental tolerance, heterogeneity, and the evolution of reversible plastic responses.
American Naturalist
166:
339353.
|
|
|
Hoverman JT,
Auld JR and
Relyea RA
(2005)
Putting prey back together again: integrating predator-induced behavior, morphology, and life history.
Oecologia
144:
481491.
|
|
|
Hoverman JT and
Relyea RA
(2007a)
How flexible is phenotypic plasticity? Developmental windows for trait induction and reversal.
Ecology
88:
693705.
|
|
|
Hoverman JT and
Relyea RA
(2007b)
The rules of engagement: how to defend against combinations of predators.
Oecologia
154:
551.
|
|
|
Hoverman JT and
Relyea RA
(2009)
Survival trade-offs associated with inducible defences in snails: the roles of multiple predators and developmental plasticity.
Functional Ecology
23:
11791188.
|
|
|
Lass S and
Spaak P
(2003)
Chemically induced anti-predator defences in plankton: a review.
Hydrobiologia
491:
221239.
|
|
|
Loose CJ and
Dawidowicz P
(1994)
Trade-offs in diel vertical migration by zooplankton: the costs of predator avoidance.
Ecology
75:
22552263.
|
|
|
McIntosh AR and
Peckarsky BL
(1999)
Criteria determining behavioural responses to multiple predators by a stream mayfly.
Oikos
85:
554564.
|
|
|
Nilsson PA,
Bronmark C and
Pettersson LB
(1995)
Benefits of a predator-induced morphology in Crucian Carp.
Oecologia
104:
291296.
|
|
|
Relyea RA
(2001)
Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators.
Ecology
82:
523540.
|
|
|
Relyea RA
(2003a)
How prey respond to combined predators: a review and an empirical test.
Ecology
84:
18271839.
|
|
|
Relyea RA
(2003b)
Predators come and predators go: the reversibility of predator-induced traits.
Ecology
84:
18401848.
|
|
|
Relyea RA and
Auld JR
(2004)
Having the guts to compete: how intestinal plasticity explains costs of inducible defences.
Ecology Letters
7:
869875.
|
|
|
Roff DA
(1996)
The evolution of threshold traits in animals.
Quarterly Review of Biology
71:
335.
|
|
|
Schmitz OJ,
Beckerman AP and
Obrien KM
(1997)
Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions.
Ecology
78:
13881399.
|
|
|
Schmitz OJ,
Krivan V and
Ovadia O
(2004)
Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions.
Ecology Letters
7:
153163.
|
|
|
Schoeppner NM and
Relyea RA
(2005)
Damage, digestion, and defence: the roles of alarm cues and kairomones for inducing prey defences.
Ecology Letters
8:
505512.
|
|
|
Schoeppner NM and
Relyea RA
(2008)
Detecting small environmental differences: risk-response curves for predator-induced behavior and morphology.
Oecologia
154:
743754.
|
|
|
Tollrian R
(1993)
Neckteeth formation in Daphnia pulex as an example of continuous phenotypic plasticity: morphological effects of Chaoborus kairomone concentration and their quantification.
Journal of Plankton Research
15:
13091318.
|
|
|
book
Tollrian R and
Dodson SI
(1999)
"Inducible defenses in cladocera: constraints, costs, and multipredator environments".
In: Tollrian R and
Harvell CD (eds)
The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses,
pp. 177202.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
|
|
|
Trussell GC and
Nicklin MO
(2002)
Cue sensitivity, inducible defense, and trade-offs in a marine snail.
Ecology
83:
16351647.
|
|
|
Van Buskirk J,
Anderwald P,
Lupold S,
Reinhardt L and
Schuler H
(2003)
The lure effect, tadpole tail shape, and the target of dragonfly strikes.
Journal of Herpetology
37:
420424.
|
|
|
Van Buskirk J and
Relyea RA
(1998)
Selection for phenotypic plasticity in Rana sylvatica tadpoles.
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
65:
301328.
|
|
|
Werner EE and
Peacor SD
(2003)
A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities.
Ecology
84:
10831100.
|
| Further Reading |
|
|
book
Dewitt TJ and
Scheiner SM
(2004)
Phenotypic Plasticity: Functional and Conceptual Approaches.
New York: Oxford University Press.
|
|
|
Dodson SI
(1989)
Predator-induced reaction norms.
BioScience
39:
447452.
|
|
|
book
Karban R and
Baldwin IT
(1997)
Induced Responses to Herbivory.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
|
|
|
book
Relyea RA
(2004)
"Integrating phenotypic plasticity when death is on the line: insights from predator-prey systems".
In: Pigliucci M and
Preston K (eds)
The Evolutionary Biology of Complex Phenotypes,
pp. 176194.
New York: Oxford University Press.
|
|
|
book
Schlichting CD and
Pigliucci M
(1998)
Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective.
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
|
|
|
book
Tollrian R and
Harvell D
(1999)
The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
|
|
|
book
West-Eberhard MJ
(2003)
Developmental Plasticity and Evolution.
New York: Oxford University Press.
|