Figure 1. Conservative phylogeny of major angiosperm clades.

Figure 2. ANITA grade-Nymphaeales-Nymphaeaceae. Nymphaea odorata. (a) habit, rhizomatous, with peltate leaves (apomorphies associated with aquatic habitat); (b) flower with large, variable numbers of spirally arranged parts; (c–h) transition series from petals to stamens; (i) inferior ovary (apomorphy) with spiral arrangement of parts removed; style short, stigmatic surface large; (j) single carpel; (k) seed; (l) seed (l.s.) with small embryo and much perisperm.

Figure 3. Monocots-Asparagales-Asparagaceae s.l. (a–e) Maianthemum racemosum, (f,g) M. canadense (a) habit, rhizomatous habit, terminal inflorescence, parallel venation, absence of tap root; (b) flower, parts in threes; (c) ovary (t.s.), arrow points to position of septal nectary; (d) baccate fruit; (e) rather stubby embryo; (f) 2-merous flowers unusual in monocots, but stamens opposite each tepal member is common; (g) rhizomatous habit.

Figure 4. Eudicots-Ranunculales-Ranunculaceae. Caltha palustris. (a) habit; (b) flower with a single whorl of tepals and free carpels; numerous stamens are probably an apomorphy of Ranunculaceae; (c) stamen, anther and filament not sharply distinguished; (d) carpel, style short, stigma decurrent, nectaries at base of carpel; (e) fruit a follicle, opening adaxially; (f) seed (l.s.), very small embryo embedded in copious endosperm.

Figure 5. Euasterid II -Dipsacales-Caprifoliaceae. (a–c, e–f) Lonicera sempervirens; (d) L. japonica. (a) habit, opposite leaves constant in order, leaves fused at base notably common; (b) old inflorescence, basic construction cymose (common in euasterids), small, narrow calyx common in order; (c) tubular corolla, common in asterids; (d) corolla opened, stamens attached to petals; (e) tricarpellate gynoecium (common in euasterid II group); (f) weakly monosymmetric flower; (g) embryo.