Ethics of Research: Protection of Human Subjects

Research involving human subjects is invaluable for answering both scientific and clinical questions, especially those centred on making medical intervention as effective and safe as possible. But it raises a number of difficult moral issues: such experimentation can impose risk, questions arise about the adequacy of informed consent and clinical research creates a tension between the roles of clinical therapist and research scientist.

Keywords: regulations; informed consent; experimental treatment; clinical trial

 Further Reading
    book Annas GJ and Grodin MA (1992) The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Beecher HK (1966) Ethical and clinical research. New England Journal of Medicine 274(24): 1354–1360.
    Dresser R (1992) Wanted: single, white male for medical research. Hastings Center Report 22(1): 24–29.
    Emanuel EJ, Wendler D and Grady C (2000) What makes clinical research ethical? Journal of the American Medical Association 283(20): 2701–2711.
    Emanuel EJ, Wendler D, Killen J and Grady C (2004) What makes clinical research in developing countries ethical? The Benchmarks of Ethical Research Journal of Infectious Diseases 189: 930–937.
    book Faden R and Beauchamp T (1986) A History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York: Oxford University Press.
    book Jones J (1993) Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, new and expanded edn. New York: Free Press.
    book Lavery JV, Wahl E, Grady C and Emanuel EJ (eds) (2007) Case Studies in International Research Ethics: A Casebook. New York: Oxford University Press.
    book Levine R (1988) Ethics and Regulation of Clinical Research. Baltimore, MD: Urban and Schwarzenberg.
    other US Federal Government (1991) Federal policy for the protection of human subjects (45 CFR 46). Federal Register 56(117): 28013–28028.
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How to Cite close
Gifford, Fred(Dec 2007) Ethics of Research: Protection of Human Subjects. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0003482.pub2]