Cornales (Dogwood)

Cornales is a relatively small, but diverse, plant order of flowering plants belonging to the asterids clade. It contains trees, shrubs, lianas, and rhizomatous and rarely aquatic herbs that occur from cold temperate regions to the tropics, rarely in subarctic zones. Common representatives include flowering dogwood, bunchberry, cornelian cherry, black gum, hydrangea, mock orange, and blazing star.

Keywords: cornales; phylogeny; fossils; biogeography; morphological diversity; economic importance

Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of Cornales showing current understanding of phylogenetic relationships among families of the order.
Figure 2. Cornus florida L., a small tree, produces capitate inflorescences subtended by four large showy bracts.
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 References
    Albach DC, Soltis DE, Chase MW and Soltis PS (2001a) Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic angiosperm Hydrostachys. Taxon 50: 781–805.
    Albach DC, Soltid DE and Olmstead RG (2001b) Phylogenetic analysis of asterids based on sequences of four genes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 163–210.
    book Cronquist A (1981) An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants New York: Columbia University Press.
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    Eyde RH and Xiang QY (1990) Fossil mastixioid (Cornaceae) alive in eastern Asia. American Journal of Botany 77: 689–692.
    Fan CZ and Xiang QY (2003) Phylogenetic analysis of Cornales based on 26S rDNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 90: 1357–1372.
    Hempel AL, Reeves PA, Olmstead RG and Jansen RK (1995) Implications of rbcL sequence data for higher order relationships of the Loasaceae and the anomalous aquatic plant Hydrostachys (Hydrostachyaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 194: 25–37.
    Hufford L, Moody ML and Soltis DE (2001) A phylogenetic analysis of Hydrangeaceae based on sequences of the plastid gene matK and their combination with rbcL and morphological data. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162: 835–846.
    Hufford L, McMahon MM, Sherwood AM, Reeves G and Chase MW (2003) The major clades of Loasaceae: phylogenetic analysis using the plastid matK and trnL-trnF regions. American Journal of Botany 90: 1215–1228.
    Manchester SR (1994) Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds flora Clarno Formation, North Central Oregon. Paleontography of America 58: 1–205.
    Manchester SR (1999) Biogeographical relationships of North American Tertiary floras. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86: 472–522.
    Manchester SR, Crane PR and Golovneva LB (1999) An extinct genus with affinities to extant Davidia and Camptotheca(Cornales) from the Paleocene of North America and eastern Asia. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160: 188–207.
    Morton CM, Chase MW, Kron KA and Swensen SM (1996) A molecular evaluation of the monophyly of the order Ebenales based upon rbcL sequence data. Systematic Botany 21: 567–586.
    Soltis DE, Xiang QY and Hufford L (1995) Relationships and evolution of Hydrangeaceae based on rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 82: 504–514.
    Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Chase MW et al. (2000) Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL and atpB sequences. Botanical Journal of Linnean Society 133: 381–461.
    Takahashi M, Crane PR and Manchester SR (2002) Hironoia fusiformis gen Et sp. Nov.; a cornalean fruit from the Kamikitaba locality (Upper Cretaceous, Lower Coniacian) in northeastern Japan. Journal of Plant Research 115: 463–473.
    Tiffney BH and Haggard KK (1996) Fruits of Mastixioideae (Cornaceae) from the Paleogene of western North America. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 92: 29–54.
    book Weigend M (1997) Nasa and the Conquest of South America. Munich: Weigend Eigenverlag.
    Xiang QY (1999) Systematic affinities of Grubbiaceae and Hydrostachyaceae within Cornales – insights from rbcL sequences. Harvard Papers in Botany 4: 527–542.
    book Xiang QY and Soltis DE (1998) "rbcL sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships of Cornaceae sensu lato". In: Boufford DE and Obha H (eds) Sino-Japanese Flora – Its Characteristics and Diversification pp. 123–139. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
    Xiang QY, Soltis DE and Soltis PS (1998) Relationships of Cornaceae and close relatives inferred from matK and rbcL sequences. American Journal of Botany 85: 285–297.
    Xiang QY, Soltis DE, Morgan DR and Soltis PS (1993) Phylogenetic relationships of Cornus L. sensu lato and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data. Annals of The Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 723–734.
    Xiang QY, Moody ML, Soltis DE, Fan CZ and Soltis PS (2002) Relationships with Cornales and circumspection of Cornaceae – mat K and rbcL sequence data and effects of outgroups and long branches. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24: 35–57.
 Further Reading
    Weigend M, Kufer J and Muller AA (2000) Phytochemistry and the systematics and ecology of Loasaceae and Gronoviaceae (Loasales). American Journal of Botany 87: 1202–1210.
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How to Cite close
Xiang, Jenny Qiu‐Yun(May 2005) Cornales (Dogwood). In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1038/npg.els.0003729]