References
Auchincloss H Jr.,
Sykes M and
Sachs DH
(1999)
Transplantation immunology. In:
Paul WE (ed.)
Fundamental Immunology,
4th edn,
pp. 1175–1235.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Bikoff EK,
Germain R and
Robertson EJ
(1995)
Allelic differences affecting invariant chain dependency of MHC class II subunit assembly.
Immunity
2:
3011–3310.
Carson S and
Wiles MV
(1993)
Far upstream regions of class II MHC Eα are necessary for position independent, copy‐dependent expression of Eα transgene.
Nucleic Acids Research
21:
2065–2072.
Cheuk E,
D'Souza C,
Hu N et al.
(2002)
Human MHC class I transgenic mice deficient for H2 class I expression facilitate identification and characterization of new HLA class I‐restricted viral T cell epitopes.
The Journal of Immunology
169:
5571–5580.
Cosgrove D,
Gray D,
Dierich A et al.
(1991)
Mice lacking MHC class II molecules.
Cell
66:
1051–1066.
Dey A,
Thornton AM,
Lonergan M et al.
(1992)
Occupancy of upstream regulatory sites in vivo coincides with major histocompatibility complex class I gene expression in mouse tissues.
Molecular and Cellular Biology
12:
359–3599.
Drezen JM,
Cohen‐Tannoudji M,
Pournin S,
Babinet C and
Morello D
(1995)
Developmental expression of H‐2K major histocompatibility complex class I transgenes requires the presence of proximal introns.
Developmental Dynamics
204:
98–105.
Drezen JM,
Nouvel P,
Babinet C and
Morello D
(1992)
Different regulation of class I gene expression in the adult mouse and during development.
The Journal of Immunology
149:
429–437.
van den Elsen PJ and
Gobin SJP
(1999)
The common pathways of MHC class I and class II transactivation.
Microbes and Infection
1:
887–892.
van den Elsen PJ,
Holling TM,
Kuipers HF and
van der Stoep N
(2004)
Transcriptional regulation of antigen presentation.
Current Opinion in Immunology
16:
67–75.
Firat H,
Garcia‐Pons F,
Tourdot S et al.
(1999)
H‐2 class I knockout, HLA‐A2.1‐transgenic mice: a versatile animal model for preclinical evaluation of antitumor immunotherapeutical strategies.
The European Journal of Immunology
29:
3112–3121.
Fujisawa T,
Ikegami H,
Noso S et al.
(2006)
MHC‐linked susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse.
Annals of New York Academy of Sciences
1079:
118–121.
Hamilton‐Williams EE,
Serreze DV,
Charlton B et al.
(2001)
Transgenic rescue implicates β2‐microglobulin as a diabetes susceptibility gene in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
98:
11533–11538.
Hatina J,
Frangoulis B,
Gregorová S et al.
(1999)
Lymphoid specificity of a copy number‐related expression of the H2‐Kb transgene.
Molecular Immunology
36:
73–80.
Hatina J,
Jansa P and
Reischig J
(2002)
Transcription factor NF‐IL6 (C/EBPβ) activates the expression of the mouse MHC class I H2‐Kb gene in response to TNF‐α via the intragenic downstream regulatory element.
Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research
22:
741–749.
Hatina J,
Králová J and
Jansa P
(1996)
Identification of an intragenic interferon‐stimulated response element sequence of the mouse class I major histocompatibility complex H‐2Kb gene.
Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics
13:
55–60.
Holling TM,
Schooten E and
van den Elsen PJ
(2004)
Function and regulation of MHC class II molecules in T‐lymphocytes: of mice and men.
Human Immunology
65:
282–290.
Ikegami H,
Fujisawa T,
Makino S and
Ogihara T
(2003)
Congenic mapping and candidate sequencing of susceptibility genes for type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse.
Annals of New York Academy of Sciences
1005:
1–9.
Ishiguro N,
Brown GD,
Ishizu A and
Meruelo D
(1998)
The regulation of murine H‐2Dd expression by activation transcription factor 1 and cAMP response element binding protein.
The Journal of Immunology
160:
5175–5184.
Ishiguro N,
Brown GD and
Meruelo D
(1997)
Activation transcription factor 1 involvement in the regulation of murine H‐2Dd expression.
The Journal of Biological Chemistry
272:
15993–16001.
Israël A,
Kimura A,
Fournier A,
Fellous M and
Kourilsky P
(1986)
Interferon response sequence potentiates activity of an enhancer in the promoter region of a mouse H‐2 gene.
Nature
322:
743–746.
Israël A,
Le Bail O,
Hatat D et al.
(1989)
TNF stimulates expression of mouse MHC class I genes by inducing an NFκB‐like enhancer binding activity which displaces constitutive factors.
EMBO Journal
8:
3793–3800.
Janitz M,
Reiners‐Schramm L and
Lauster R
(1998)
Expression of the H2‐Ea gene is modulated by a polymorphic transcriptional enhancer.
Immunogenetics
48:
266–272.
Jansa P and
Forejt J
(1996)
A novel type of retinoic acid response element in the second intron of the mouse H2Kb gene is activated by the RAR/RXR heterodimer.
Nucleic Acids Research
24:
694–701.
Jansa P and
Hatina J
(2003)
The inverted CCAAT motif is an indispensable element of the Enhancer B of the mouse major histocompatibility class I H2‐Kb gene.
DNA and Cell Biology
22:
55–64.
Králová J,
Jansa P and
Forejt J
(1992)
A novel downstream regulatory element of the mouse H2‐Kb class I major histocompatibility gene.
EMBO Journal
11:
4591–4600.
Leiter EH
(2005)
Nonobese diabetic mice and the genetics of diabetes susceptibility.
Current Diabetes Reports
5:
141–148.
Lemonnier FA
(2002)
The utility of H‐2 knockout mice.
Virus Research
82:
87–90.
Liao G,
Wang J,
Guo J et al.
(2004)
In silico genetics: identification of a functional element regulation H2‐Eα gene expression.
Science
306:
690–695.
Madsen L,
Labrecque N,
Engberg J et al.
(1999)
Mice lacking all conventional MHC class II genes.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
96:
10338–10343.
Margulies DH
(1999)
The major histocompatibility complex. In:
Paul WE (ed.)
Fundamental Immunology,
4th edn,
pp. 263–285.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Masternak K,
Peyraud N,
Krawczyk M,
Barras E and
Reith W
(2003)
Chromatin remodeling and extragenic transcription at the MHC class II locus control region.
Nature Immunology
4:
132–137.
Mitchison NA and
Roes J
(2002)
Patterned variation in murine MHC promoters.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
99:
10561–10566.
Münz C,
Hofmann M,
Yoshida K et al.
(2002)
Peptide analysis, stability studies, and structural modeling explain contradictory peptide motifs and unique properties of the NOD mouse MHC class II molecule H2‐Ag7.
The European Journal of Immunology
32:
2105–2116.
Neisig A,
Wubbolts R,
Zang X,
Melief C and
Neefjes J
(1996)
Allele‐specific differences in the interaction of MHC class I molecules with transporters associated with antigen processing.
The Journal of Immunology
156:
3196–3206.
Oaklea F,
Mann J,
Ruddell RG et al.
(2003)
Basal expression of IκBα is controlled by the mammalian transcription repressor RBP‐J(CBF1) and its activator Notch1.
The Journal of Biological Chemistry
278:
24359–24370.
Oswald F,
Liptay S,
Adler G and
Schmid RM
(1998)
NFκB2 is a putative target gene of activated Notch‐1 via RBP‐Jκ.
Molecular and Cellular Biology
18:
2077–2088.
Ozato K
(1995)
Control of MHC class I gene expression. In:
Blair EC,
Pringle CR and
Maudsley DJ (eds)
Modulation of MHC Antigen Expression and Diseases,
pp. 81–102.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pajot A,
Michel ML,
Fazilleau N et al.
(2004)
A mouse model of human adaptive immune functions: HLA‐A2.1‐/HLA‐DR1‐transgenic H‐2 class I‐/class II‐knockout mice.
The European Journal of Immunology
34:
3060–3069.
Pascolo S,
Bervas N,
Ure JM et al.
(1997)
HLA‐A2.1‐restricted education and cytolytic activity of CD8+ T lymphocytes from β2 microglobulin (β2m) HLA‐A2.1 monochain transgenic H‐2Db β2m double knockout mice.
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
185:
2043–2051.
Pérarnau B,
Saron MF,
Martin BRS et al.
(1999)
Single H2Kb, H2Db and H2KbDb knockout mice: peripheral CB8+ T cell repertoire and anti‐lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus cytolytic responses.
The European Journal of Immunology
29:
1243–1252.
Piskurich JF,
Lin KI,
Lin Y et al.
(2000)
BLIMP‐I mediates extinction of major histocompatibility class II transactivator expression in plasma cells.
Nature Immunology
1:
526–532.
Pomerleau DP,
Bagley RJ,
Serreze DV,
Mathews C and
Leiter EH
(2005)
Major histocompatibility complex‐linked diabetes susceptibility in NOD/Lt mice. Subclonogenic analysis localizes a component of Idd16 at the H2‐D end of the diabetogenic H2g7 complex.
Diabetes
54:
1603–1606.
Rohrlich PS,
Cardinaud S,
Firat H et al.
(2003)
HLA‐B*0702 transgenic, H‐2KbDb double‐knockout mice: phenotypical and functional characterization in response to influenza virus.
International Immunology
6:
765–772.
Serreze DV,
Bridget M,
Chapman HD et al.
(1998)
Subcongenic analysis of the Idd13 locus in NOD/Lt mice: evidence for several susceptibility genes including a possible diabetogenic role for β2‐microglobulin.
The Journal of Immunology
160:
1472–1478.
Shields MJ,
Hodgson W and
Ribaudo RK
(1999)
Differential association of β2 microglobulin mutants with MHC class I heavy chains and structural analysis demonstrate allele‐specific interactions.
Molecular Immunology
36:
561–573.
Shirakata Y,
Shuman JD and
Coligan JE
(1996)
Purification of a novel MHC class I element binding activity from thymus nuclear extracts reveals that thymic RBP‐Jκ/CBF1 binds to NF‐κB‐like elements.
The Journal of Immunology
156:
4672–4679.
Sykes BC
(1993)
Introduction to medical genetics. In:
Royce PM and
Steinmann B (eds)
Connective Tissue and Its Heritable Disorders,
pp. 7–50.
New York: Wiley‐Liss.
Walter U,
Toepfer T,
Dittmar KEJ et al.
(2003)
Pancreatic NOD beta cells express MHC class II protein and the frequency of I‐Ag7 mRNA‐expressing beta cells strongly increases during progression to autoimmune diabetes.
Diabetologia
46:
1106–1114.
Yang Y and
Santamaria P
(2006)
Lessons on autoimmune diabetes from animal models.
Clinical Science
110:
627–639.
Further Reading
Alizadeh BZ and
Koeleman BP
(2008)
Genetic polymorphisms in susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes.
Clinica Chimica Acta
387:
9–17.
Ang HL and
Tergaonkar V
(2007)
Notch and NFkappaB signaling pathways: Do they collaborate in normal vertebrate brain development and function?
Bioessays
29:
1039–1047.
Aptsiauri N,
Cabrera T,
Garcia‐Lora A et al.
(2007)
MHC class I antigens and immune surveillance in transformed cells.
International Review of Cytology
256:
139–189.
Beaty JS,
Sukiennicki TL and
Nepom GT
(1999)
Allelic variation in transcription modulates MHC class II expression and function.
Microbes and Infection
1:
919–927.
van Boxel‐Dezaire AH,
Rani MR and
Stark GR
(2006)
Complex modulation of cell type‐specific signaling in response to type I interferons.
Immunity
25:
361–372.
Browning M and
McMichael A (eds)
(1996)
HLA and MHC: Genes, Molecules and Function.
Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers.
Chamberlain JW,
Vasavada HA,
Ganguly S and
Weissman SM
(1991)
Identification of cis sequences controlling efficient position‐independent tissue‐specific expression of human major histocompatibility complex class I genes in transgenic mice.
Molecular and Cellular Biology
11:
3564–3572.
Chen Z, de
Kauwe AL,
Keech C et al.
(2006)
Humanized transgenic mice expressing HLA DR4‐DQ3 haplotype: reconstitution of phenotype and HLA‐restricted T‐cell responses.
Tissue Antigens
68:
210–219.
Cheng S,
Smart M,
Hanson J and
David CS
(2003)
Characterization of HLA DR2 and DQ8 transgenic mouse with a new engineered mouse class II deletion, which lacks all endogenous class II genes.
Journal of Autoimmunity
21:
195–199.
Drozina G,
Kohoutek J,
Jabrane‐Ferrat N and
Peterlin BM
(2005)
Expression of MHC II genes.
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
290:
147–170.
Gobin SJ, van
Zutphen M,
Westerheide SD,
Boss JM and van den
Elsen PJ
(2001)
The MHC‐specific enhanceosome and its role in MHC class I and β(2)‐microglobulin gene transactivation.
The Journal of Immunology
167:
5175–5184.
Gregersen JW,
Holmes S and
Fugger L
(2004)
Humanized animal models for autoimmune diseases.
Tissue Antigens
63:
383–394.
Johnson DR
(2003)
Locus‐specific constitutive and cytokine‐induced HLA class I gene expression.
The Journal of Immunology
170:
1894–1902.
Klein J
(1986)
Natural History of the Major Histocompatibility Complex.
New York: Wiley.
Kushida MM,
Dey A,
Zhang XL et al.
(1997)
A 150‐base pair 5′ region of the MHC class I HLA‐B7 gene is sufficient to direct tissue‐specific expression and locus control region activity: the α site determines efficient expression and in vivo occupancy at multiple cis‐active sites throughout this region.
The Journal of Immunology
159:
4913–4929.
Lloberas J,
Soler C and
Celada A
(1999)
Mechanism of I‐Aβ gene expression.
Microbes and Infection
1:
935–941.
Maurice MM,
Gould DS,
Carroll J,
Vugmeyster Y and
Ploegh HL
(2001)
Positive selection of an MHC class‐I restricted TCR in the absence of classical MHC class I molecules.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
98:
7437–7442.
Neumann M and
Naumann M
(2007)
Beyond IkappaBs: alternative regulation of NF‐kappaB activity.
The FASEB Journal
21:
2642–2654.
Ojcius DM,
Delarbre C,
Kourilsky P and
Gachelin G
(1994)
Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and resistance against intracellular pathogens.
Critical Reviews in Immunology
14:
193–220.
Platanias LC and
Fish EN
(1999)
Signaling pathways activated by interferons.
Experimental Hematology
27:
1583–1592.
Roep BO
(2007)
Are insights gained from NOD mice sufficient to guide clinical translation? Another inconvenient truth.
Annals of New York Academy of Sciences
1103:
1–10.
Taneja V,
Behrens M,
Mangalam A et al.
(2007)
New humanized HLA‐DR4‐transgenic mice that mimic the sex bias of rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis & Rheumatism
56:
69–78.
Ting JP and
Trowsdale J
(2002)
Genetic control of MHC class II expression.
Cell
109:
S21–S33.
Vugmeyster Y,
Glas R, Pé
rarnau B et al.
(1998)
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I KbDb ‐/‐ deficient mice possess functional CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
95:
12492–12497.
Zheng P,
Guo Y,
Niu Q et al.
(1998)
Proto‐oncogene PML controls genes devoted to MHC class I antigen presentation.
Nature
396:
373–376.