Keisuke Tsuzuki, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
Seiji Ozawa, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
Published online: September 2005
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0005056
Glutamate receptors mediate most of the excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. They are also involved in plastic changes in synaptic transmission and neuronal cell death in a variety of acute and chronic neurological disorders. Twenty-five subunit complementary DNAs have been cloned in rodent brains and 24 genes have been identified in the human genome.
Keywords: AMPA; kainate; NMDA; orphan; metabotropic receptor
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Figure 1. Structure of glutamate receptors. Glutamate receptors are divided into two categories; ionotropic receptors (left) and metabotropic receptors (right). The ionotropic receptors constitute multisubunit protein complexes that form ligand-gated ion channels and allow cation flow through the cell membrane. Ionotropic receptors subunits have a large extracellular N-terminal domain and four hydrophobic domains (M1–M4). M1, M3 and M4 are transmembrane domains, whereas M2 makes a cytoplasm-facing reentrant membrane loop and does not span the membrane. In contrast, metabotropic receptors are single-subunit proteins coupled to GTP-binding proteins. They have a large N-terminal region, seven transmembrane domains and a C-terminus.
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
| Armstrong N, Sun Y, Chen G-Q and Gouaux E (1998) Structure of a glutamate receptor ligand-binding core in complex with kainate. Nature 395: 913–917. | |
| Chen C and Tonegawa S (1997) Molecular genetic analysis of synaptic plasticity, activity-dependent neural development, learning, and memory in the mammalian brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 20: 157–184. | |
| Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D and Traynelis SF (1999) The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacological Reviews 51: 7–61. | |
| Kohda K, Wang Y and Yuzaki M (2000) Mutation of a glutamate receptor motif reveals its role in gating and 2 receptor channel properties. Nature Neuroscience 3: 315–322. | |
| Kutsuwada T, Kashiwabuchi N, Mori H, et al. (1992) Molecular diversity of the NMDA receptor channel. Nature 358: 36–41. | |
| Myers SJ, Dingledine R and Borges K (1999) Genetic regulation of glutamate receptor ion channels. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 39: 221–241. | |
| Ozawa S, Kamiya H and Tsuzuki K (1998) Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Progress in Neurobiology 54: 581–618. | |
| Schmitz D, Mellor J and Nicoll RA (2001) Presynaptic kainate receptor mediation of frequency facilitation at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. Science 291: 1972–1976. | |
| Sommer B, Köhler M, Sprengel R and Seeburg PH (1991) RNA editing in brain controls a determinant of ion flow in glutamate-gated channels. Cell 67: 11–19. | |
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| Web Links | |
| ePath National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ | |
| ePath Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1 (GRIA1); Locus ID: 2890. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?l=2890 | |
| ePath Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 1 (GRID1); Locus ID: 2894. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?l=2894 | |
| ePath Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1 (GRIK1); Locus ID: 2897. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?l=2897 | |
| ePath Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1 (GRIN1); Locus ID: 2902. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?l=2902 | |
| ePath Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 (GRM1); Locus ID: 2911. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?l=2911 | |
| ePath Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1 (GRIA1); MIM number: 138248. OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?l=2911 | |
| ePath Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1 (GRIK1); MIM number: 138245. OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?138245 | |
| ePath Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1 (GRIN1); MIM number: 138249. OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?138249 | |
| ePath Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 (GRM1); MIM number: 604473. OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604473 | |
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