Hans‐Jürgen Bandelt, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Published online: July 2006
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0005463
Evolutionary networks are labeled and weighted connected graphs that, in contrast to genetic trees, may contain cycles. A network can accommodate ambiguities concerning evolutionary pathways and thus simultaneously represent alternative estimates of a phylogeny.
Keywords: phylogeny; median network; mtDNA; Y chromosome; parsimony
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Figure 1. (a) Binary data table and (b) its corresponding median network. The unbroken links indicate a network (obtained via split decomposition) that realizes the mismatch distances in the five-dimensional sequence space (hypercube). The bold links constitute the minimum spanning network as well as the MJ network relative to parameter = 0. The RM network is formed by the bold and broken links (parameter r = 2).
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Figure 2. (a) Table of deoxyribonucleic acid sequences and (b) its corresponding quasi-median network. The unbroken links indicate a network that realizes the mismatch distances in the three-dimensional sequence space (Hamming graph). The bold links constitute the minimum spanning network as well as the median-joining network (parameter = 0).
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| References | |
| Bandelt H-J (1994) Phylogenetic networks. Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Hamburg (NF) 34: 51–71. | |
| Bandelt H-J (1995) Combination of data in phylogenetic analyses. Plant Systematics and Evolution 9(Supplement): 355–361. | |
| Bandelt H-J and Dress AWM (1992) Split decomposition: a new and useful approach to phylogenetic analyses of distance data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1: 242–252. | |
| Bandelt H-J, Forster P and Röhl A (1999) Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 37–48. | |
| Bandelt H-J, Forster P, Sykes BC and Richards MB (1995) Mitochondrial portraits of human populations using median networks. Genetics 141: 743–753. | |
| Bandelt H-J, Macaulay V and Richards M (2000) Median networks: speedy construction and greedy reduction, one simulation, and two case studies from human mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16: 8–28. | |
| Dress A, Hendy M, Huber K and Moulton V (1997) On the number of vertices and edges in the Buneman graph. Annals of Combinatorics 1: 329–337. | |
| Excoffier L and Smouse PE (1994) Using allele frequencies and geographic subdivision to reconstruct gene trees within a species: molecular variance parsimony. Genetics 136: 343–359. | |
| Foulds LR, Hendy MD and Penny D (1979) A graph theoretic approach to the development of minimal phylogenetic trees. Journal of Molecular Evolution 13: 127–149. | |
| Jobling MA and Tyler-Smith C (2000) New uses for new haplotypes: the human Y chromosome, disease and selection. Trends in Genetics 16: 356–362. | |
| Macaulay V, Richards M and Sykes B (1999) Mitochondrial DNA recombination: no need to panic. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266: 2037–2039. | |
| Richards M and Macaulay V (2001) The mitochondrial gene tree comes of age. American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 1315–1320. | |
| Further Reading | |
| book Avise JC (2000) Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. | |
| book Page RDM and Holmes EC (1998) Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell Science. | |
| book Wägele J-W (2001) Grundlagen der phylogenetischen Systematik. Munich: Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil. | |
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