Figure 1. Scheme of one chromosome (left) and the corresponding comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) ratio profile (right). Based on labeling of control deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a red dye and test DNA with a green dye, a fictive green:red ratio profile is shown. Ratios that deviate from 1.0 (in the middle of the ratio profile) correspond to red or green signals, whereas those ratios with low variation from 1.0 correspond to the yellow color.

Figure 2. (a) Metaphase spread from lung cancer cells labeled by multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH). (b) Color information of each chromosome corresponds to a conical cluster in the five-dimensional color space. (c,d) Based on this color information, the chromosomes were classified (c) and automatically karyotyped (d) (for details see Saracoglu et al., 2001).

Figure 3. Reconstruction by Voronoi tessellation. In a human cell nucleus, two different pairs of chromosomes were labeled by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). After optical serial sectioning by confocal laser microscopy, the three-dimensional (3D) image stack was tessellated into Voronoi polyhedras. The 3D reconstruction was visualized by surface-based ray tracing (for details see Eils et al., 1996).