Torben F Orntoft, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
Published online: January 2006
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0006055
Cancer of the urinary bladder is a very common disease. It is often characterized by frequent recurrences of superficial tumors during several years.
Keywords: bladder; transitional cell carcinoma; chromosome 9; gene expression; molecular classification
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Figure 1. A model of gene expression events during the progression of bladder cancer. The top of the figure shows the stages of bladder cancer, and the lower part shows the sequence of transcriptional events. The arrows indicate reduced or increased gene expression. The figure is based on cluster analysis of microarray data, and combines the different cluster methods.
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| References | |
| Celis JE, Ostergaard M, Basse B, et al. (1996) Loss of adipocyte-type fatty acid binding protein and other protein biomarkers is associated with progression of human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Cancer Research 56(20): 4782–4790. | |
| Cheng HL, Trink B, Tzai TS, et al. (2002) Overexpression of c-met as a prognostic indicator for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a comparison with p53 nuclear accumulation. Journal of Clinical Oncology 20 (6): 1544–1550. | |
| Dyrskjot L, Thykjaer T, Kruhoffer M, et al. (2003) Identifying distinct classes of bladder carcinoma using microarrays. Nature Genetics 33 (1): 90–96. | |
| Knowles MA (1999) The genetics of transitional cell carcinoma: progress and potential clinical application, review. British Journal of Urology International 84 (4): 412–427. | |
| Primdahl H, Wikman FP, von der Maase H, et al. (2002) Allelic imbalances in human bladder cancer: genome-wide detection with high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 94 (3): 216–223. | |
| Richter J, Beffa L, Wagner U, et al. (1998) Patterns of chromosomal imbalances in advanced urinary bladder cancer detected by comparative genomic hybridization: patterns of chromosomal imbalances in advanced urinary bladder cancer detected by comparative genomic hybridization. American Journal of Pathology 153: 1615–1621. | |
| Saad A, Hanbury DC, McNicholas TA, et al. (2002) A study comparing various noninvasive methods of detecting bladder cancer in urine. British Journal of Urology International 89 (4): 369–373. | |
| Sidransky D, Frost P, Von Eschenbach A, et al. (1992) Clonal origin bladder cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 326 (11): 737–740. | |
| Thykjaer T, Workman C, Kruhoffer M, et al. (2001) Identification of gene expression patterns in superficial and invasive human bladder cancer. Cancer Research 61 (6): 2492–2499. | |
| Wikman FP, Lu ML, Thykjaer T, et al. (2000) Evaluation of the performance of a p53 sequencing microarray chip using 140 previously sequenced bladder tumor samples. Clinical Chemistry 46 (10): 1555–1561. | |
| Further Reading | |
| Cappellen D, De Oliveira C, Ricol D, et al. (1999) Frequent activating mutations of FGFR3 in human bladder and cervix carcinomas. Nature Genetics 23(1): 18–20. | |
| Cordon-Cardo C (1998) Molecular alterations in bladder cancer. Cancer Survey 32: 115–131. Review. | |
| Liang G, Gonzales FA, Jones PA, Orntoft TF and Thykjaer T (2002) Analysis of gene induction in human fibroblasts and bladder cancer cells exposed to the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2¢-deoxycytidine. Cancer Research 62(4): 961–966. | |
| Primdahl H, von der Maase H, Christensen M, Wolf H and Orntoft TF (2000) Allelic deletions of cell growth regulators during progression of bladder cancer. Cancer Research 60(23): 6623–6629. | |
| Rabbani F, Richon VM, Orlow I, et al. (1999) Prognostic significance of transcription factor E2F-1 in bladder cancer: genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91(10): 874–881. | |
| van Rhijn BW, Lurkin I, Radvanyi F, et al. (2001) The fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutation is a strong indicator of superficial bladder cancer with low recurrence rate. Cancer Research 61(4): 1265–1268. | |
| Salem C, Liang G, Tsai YC, et al. (2000) Progressive increases in de novo methylation of CpG islands in bladder cancer. Cancer Research 60(9): 2473–2476. | |
| Web Links | |
| ePath Danish Centre for Human Genome Research. Human 2D-PAGE databases for proteome analysis in health and disease http://proteomics.cancer.dk | |
| ePath Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (melanoma, p16, inhibits CDK4) (CDKN2A); Locus ID: 1029. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?l=1029 | |
| ePath Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1); Locus ID: 2944. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?1=2944 | |
| ePath met proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) (MET); Locus ID: 4233. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?1=4233 | |
| ePath Tumor suppressor gene tumor protein p53 (Li–Fraumeni syndrome) (TP53); Locus ID: 7157. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?1=7157 | |
| ePath v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog 1, lung carcinoma derived (avian) (MYCL1); Locus ID: 4610. LocusLink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/LocRpt.cgi?1=4610 | |
| ePath Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (melanoma, p16, inhibits CDK4) (CDKN2A); MIM number: 600160. OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600160 | |
| ePath Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1); MIM number: 138350. OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?138350 | |
| ePath met proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) (MET); MIM number: 164860. OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?164860 | |
| ePath Tumor suppressor gene tumor protein p53 (Li–Fraumeni syndrome) (TP53); MIM number: 191170. OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?191170 | |
| ePath v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog 1, lung carcinoma derived (avian) (MYCL1); MIM number: 164850. OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?164850 | |
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