Neuropeptides and their Receptors: Evolution

Charles HV Hoyle, Universiti Brunei Darussalamm, Brunei Darussalam

Published online: March 2008

DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0006150.pub2

Multiple forms of neuropeptides and their receptors have evolved through the processes of genome duplication, gene duplication and point mutation. Some vertebrate peptide lineages have traceable origins in invertebrates, and linkage to homeobox genes may be useful in determining the lineage.

Keywords: neuropeptides; evolution of neuropeptides; evolution of G-protein coupled receptors; G-protein coupled receptors; Hox genes

Figure 1. Evolutionary relationships and Hox clusters among vertebrates. The number of clusters (HC) is given beneath the name of the group. Names of classes are given in bold. Classification and time scale is based on Young (1978).
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the putative evolution of the GRF superfamily of neuropeptides. Anc, ancestral gene; GRF, ancestral GRF gene; GRF, growth hormone releasing factor; PAC, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide; Glu, glucagon; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; PHI, peptide histidine isoleucine; VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; Sec, secretin; PRP, PACAP-related peptide; GD, gene duplication; EDTI, exon duplication and tandem insertion and EL, exon loss.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the evolution of vertebrate oxytocin/vasopressin family genes. Relationships are based on known peptide sequences, chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) sequences and phylogenetic relationships. VT, vasotocin; IT, isotocin; MT, mesotocin; AVP, Arg8-vasopressin; LVP, Lys8-vasopressin; XT, aspargtocin, asvatocin, glumitocin, phasvatocin, seritocin or valitocin and OT, oxytocin. The dashed boxes around the elasmobranch and marsupial genes indicate regions of rapid evolution, and not all homologues are indicated.
Figure 4. Relationships between diverse ligands and their cognate receptors. (a) Neuropeptide ligands. The unrooted tree shows relationships between a group of ligands, using nearest-neighbour analysis (calculated using ClustalX 1.81 and drawn using NJPLOT). Invertebrate ligands are italicized. NPF, neuropeptide; F, invertebrate homologue of neuropeptide Y and conopressin is (Ile2,Ile3,Arg4)-vasopressin, isolated from a gastropod mollusk. (b) Neuropeptide receptors. The rooted tree shows the relationships among receptors for the ligands shown in (a). Invertebrate receptors are italicized. Drm NY, Drosophila melanogaster neuropeptide Y receptor (the putative receptor for NPF). The dendrogram was based on data obtained from the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Database.
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 Further Reading
    Cerda-Reverter JM and Larhammar D (2000) Neuropeptide Y family of peptides: structure, anatomical expression, function, and molecular evolution. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 78: 371–392.
    Danielson PB and Dores RM (1999) Molecular evolution of the opioid/orphanin gene family. General and Comparative Endocrinology 113: 169–186.
    Hoegg S and Meyer A (2005) Hox clusters as models for vertebrate genome evolution. Trends in Genetics 21: 421–424.
    Holmgren S and Jensen J (2001) Evolution of vertebrate neuropeptides. Brain Research Bulletin 55: 723–735.
    book Hoyle CHV (1996) Neuropeptides: Essential Data. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
    Hoyle CHV (1998) Neuropeptide families: evolutionary perspectives. Regulatory Peptides 73: 1–33.
    Hoyle CHV (1999) Neuropeptide families and their receptors: evolutionary perspectives. Brain Research 848: 1–25.
    Hoyle CH, Hill J, Sanger GJ and Andrews PL (2003) Analysis of pancreatic polypeptide cDNA from the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus, suggests a phylogenetically closer relationship with humans than for other small laboratory animal species. Regulatory Peptides 114: 137–144.
    Larhammar D, Wraith A, Berglund MM, Holmberg SK and Lundell I (2001) Origins of the many NPY-family receptors in mammals. Peptides 22: 295–307.
    Wraith A, Tornsten A, Chardon P et al. (2000) Evolution of the neuropeptide Y receptor family: gene and chromosome duplications deduced from the cloning and mapping of the five receptor subtype genes in pig. Genome Research 10: 302–310.
 Web Links
    ePath G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Database. An information system for G protein-coupled receptors, June 2006 release (10.0) http://www.gpcr.org/7tm/
    ePath NJPLOT http://www.bioinformatics.ubc.ca/resources/tools/njplot

Related Sub-Topics:

Neurotransmitters | Receptors for Neurotransmitters | Molecular Evolution | Protein Evolution | Evolution of Coding and Functional Modules
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Article Title: Neuropeptides and their Receptors: Evolution
 
How to Cite close
Hoyle, Charles HV(Mar 2008) Neuropeptides and their Receptors: Evolution. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0006150.pub2]