Figure 1. Nucleotide diversity in the CASPASE12 gene in noncoding regions of the pseudogenized allele and functional allele. The exon structure for CASPASE12 is shown in thick blue bars. Nucleotide diversity () is significantly lower near the disrupting mutation (*) in exon 4 of the CASPASE12 pseudogenized allele (red) than is observed in the functional allele (green). Red circles and green dots show the percent nucleotide diversity in the pseudogenized and functional alleles, respectively, at each of nine noncoding regions within and around the gene (black bars). The rectangles surrounding the dots and squares show ±1 standard error. The green dotted line is the average nucleotide diversity for the functional allele. The decreased diversity in the pseudogenized allele near the disrupting mutation is indicative of a selective sweep for this pseudogenized allele. Adapted from Wang et al. (2006).

Figure 2. The relative size of chewing muscles differs greatly between humans and their primate relatives as a result of pseudogenization of human MYH16. The differences in musculature are reflected in the morphology of such craniofacial features as the temporal fossa and zygomatic arch (highlighted in red) in skulls from macaque (a–c), gorilla (d–f) and human (g–i). Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd., Stedman et al., Copyright (2004).