| References |
|
|
Bachtrog D
(2006)
A dynamic view of sex chromosome evolution.
Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
16:
578–585.
|
|
|
Bailey JA and
Eichler EE
(2006)
Primate segmental duplications: crucibles of evolution, diversity and disease.
Nature Reviews Genetics
7:
552–564.
|
|
|
Carrel L and
Willard HF
(2005)
X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females.
Nature
434:
400–404.
|
|
|
Charlesworth B,
Coyne JA and
Barton NH
(1987)
The relative rates of evolution of sex chromosomes and autosomes.
American Naturalist
130:
113–146.
|
|
|
Chow JC,
Yen Z,
Ziesche SM et al.
(2005)
Silencing of the mammalian X chromosome.
Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
6:
69–92.
|
|
|
Ellegren H
(2007)
Characteristics, causes and evolutionary consequences of male-biased mutation.
Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences
274(1606):
1–10.
|
|
|
Ellegren H and
Parsch J
(2007)
The evolution of sex-biased genes and sex-biased gene expression.
Nature Reviews Genetics
8:
689–698.
|
|
|
Ellis PJI and
Affara NA
(2006)
Spermatogenesis and sex chromosome gene content: an evolutionary perspective.
Human Fertility
9(1):
1–7.
|
|
|
Emerson JJ,
Kaessmann H,
Betran E et al.
(2004)
Extensive gene traffic on the mammalian X chromosome.
Science
303:
537–540.
|
|
|
Galtier N and
Duret L
(2007)
Adaptation or biased gene conversion? Extending the null hypothesis of molecular evolution.
Trends in Genetics
23(6):
273–277.
|
|
|
book
Gillespie JH
(2004)
Population Genetics: A Concise Guide.
Baltimore:
The Johns Hopkins University Press.
|
|
|
Graves JAM,
Koina E and
Sankovic N
(2006)
How the gene content of human sex chromosomes evolved.
Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
16:
219–224.
|
|
|
Iwase M,
Satta Y,
Hirai Y et al.
(2003)
The amelogenin loci span an ancient pseudoautosomal boundary in diverse mammalian species.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
100(9):
5258–5263.
|
|
|
Jegalian K and
Page DC
(1998)
A proposed pathway by which genes common to mammalian X and Y chromosomes evolve to become X inactivated.
Nature
394:
776–780.
|
|
|
Khaitovich P,
Hellmann I,
Enard W et al.
(2005)
Parallel patterns of evolution in the genomes and transcriptomes of humans and chimpanzees.
Science
309:
1850–1854.
|
|
|
Khil PP,
Smirnova NA,
Romanienko PJ et al.
(2004)
The mouse X chromosome is enriched for sex-biased genes not subject to selection by meiotic sex chromosome inactivation.
Nature Genetics
36(6):
642–646.
|
|
|
Lahn BT and
Page DC
(1999)
Four evolutionary strata on the human X chromosome.
Science
286:
964–967.
|
|
|
Li WH,
Yi S and
Makova K
(2002)
Male-driven evolution.
Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
12(6):
650–656.
|
|
|
Lu J and
Wu C-I
(2005)
Weak selection revealed by the whole-genome comparison of the X chromosome and autosomes of human and chimpanzee.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
102(11):
4063–4067.
|
|
|
Mank JE,
Axelsson E and
Ellegren H
(2007)
Fast-X on the Z: rapid evolution of sex-linked genes in birds.
Genome Research
17:
618–624.
|
|
|
Marqes-Bonet T,
Caceres M,
Bertranpetit J et al.
(2004)
Chromosomal rearrangements and the genomic distribution of gene-expression divergence in humans and chimpanzees.
Trends in Genetics
20(11):
524–529.
|
|
|
McVean GT and
Hurst LD
(1997)
Evidence for a selectively favourable reduction in the mutation rate of the X chromosome.
Nature
386(6623):
388–392.
|
|
|
Nielsen R,
Bustamante C,
Clark AG et al.
(2005)
A scan for positively selected genes in the genomes of humans and chimpanzees.
PLoS Biology
3(6):
e170.
|
|
|
book
Ohno S
(1967)
Sex Chromosomes and Sex Linked Genes.
New York:
Springer.
|
|
|
Qin J,
Calabrese P,
Tiemann-Boege I et al.
(2007)
The molecular anatomy of spontaneous germline mutations in human testes.
PLoS Biology
5(9):
e224.
|
|
|
Resch AM,
Carmel L,
Marino-Ramirez L et al.
(2007)
Widespread positive selection in synonymous sites of mammalian genes.
Molecular Biology and Evolution
24(8):
1821–1831.
|
|
|
Rice WR
(1984)
Sex chromosomes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism.
Evolution
38:
735–742.
|
|
|
Ross MT,
Grafham DV,
Coffey AJ et al.
(2005)
The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.
Nature
434:
325–337.
|
|
|
Sabeti PC,
Schaffner SF,
Fry B et al.
(2006)
Positive natural selection in the human lineage.
Science
312:
1614–1620.
|
|
|
Skaletsky H,
Kuroda-Kawaguchi T,
Minx PJ et al.
(2003)
The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequences classes.
Nature
423:
825–837.
|
|
|
Stevenson BJ,
Iseli C,
Panji S et al.
(2007)
Rapid evolution of cancer/testis genes on the X chromosome.
BMC Genomics
8:
129.
|
|
|
Taylor J,
Tyekucheva S,
Zody M et al.
(2006)
Strong and weak male mutation bias at different sites in the primate genomes: insights from the human–chimpanzee comparison.
Molecular Biology and Evolution
23(3):
565–573.
|
|
|
The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium
(2005)
Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome.
Nature
437:
69–87.
|
|
|
Torgerson D and
Singh R
(2003)
Sex-linked mammalian sperm proteins evolve faster than autosomal ones.
Molecular Biology and Evolution
20(10):
1705–1709.
|
|
|
Torgerson D and
Singh R
(2006)
Enhanced adaptive evolution of sperm-expressed genes on the mammalian X chromosome.
Heredity
96:
39–44.
|
|
|
Vallender EJ and
Lahn BT
(2004)
Positive selection on the human genome.
Human Molecular Genetics
13(Review issue 2):
R245–R254.
|
|
|
Vallender EJ,
Pearson NM and
Lahn BT
(2005)
The X chromosome: not just her brother's keeper.
Nature Genetics
37(4):
343–345.
|
|
|
Vicoso B and
Charlesworth B
(2006)
Evolution on the X chromosome: unusual patterns and processes.
Nature Reviews. Genetics
7:
645–653.
|
|
|
Zechner U,
Wilda M,
Kehrer-Sawatzki H et al.
(2001)
A high density of X-linked genes for general cognitive ability: a run-away process shaping human evolution?
Trends in Genetics
17(12):
697–701.
|
| Further Reading |
|
|
Graves JAM
(2006)
Sex chromosome specialization and degeneration in mammals.
Cell
124:
901–913.
|
|
|
Hurst LD
(2001)
Sex and the X.
Nature
411:
149–150.
|
|
|
Khil PP and
Camerini-Otero RD
(2005)
Molecular features and functional constraints in the evolution of the mammalian X chromosome.
Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
40(6):
313–330.
|
|
|
Kohn M,
Kehrer-Sawatzki H,
Vogel W,
Graves J and
Hameister H
(2004)
Wide genome comparisons reveal the origins of the human X chromosome.
Trends in Genetics
20(12):
598–603.
|
