Ecosystem Services

Trista M Patterson, Pacific Northwest Research Station Sitka, Alaska, USA

Published online: December 2011

DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0021902

Abstract

Ecosystem services represent all the things that functioning ecosystems do for people that people generally do not have to pay for. Examples include a forested hillside filtering water and retaining topsoil/sediments, how trees remove carbon from the atmosphere, or how a mangrove buffers surrounding low‐lying lands from wave action and storm surge. When ecosystem services are lost, the human‐made substitutes (such as a water filtration plant, erosion retaining walls, etc.) are often costly, and costly to maintain. Environmental management decisions are increasingly incorporating estimates of ecosystem service values as part of the cost–benefit evaluations. The intent of many ecosystem service efforts are to internalise ecosystem contributions into decision‐making, thus stemming ecosystem service loss. However, accomplishing this requires not only stemming the loss of ecosystem services, but also addressing the increasing human demands for them.

Key Concepts:

  • Ecosystem services are those processes of ecosystems that support (directly or indirectly) human well‐being.

  • The concept of ecosystem services is of interest to economists, ecologists and many other disciplines for its ability to create cross‐discipline dialog.

  • Ecosystem services provide valuable social benefits, which are often not accounted in standard economic currencies. Left unaccounted, they are vulnerable to loss. Numerous tools are emerging to visualise this value, supporting protection and/or restoration of ecosystem services.

  • Much of the current focus on ecosystem service work bases its emphasis on the supply of ecosystem services. For this concept to support sustainability objectives however, growing demands for ecosystem services must be addressed through changes in behaviour, technology, governance and design.

Keywords: ecosystem services; ecosystem service markets; public goods; ecosystem function

Figure 1.

Broad categories of ecosystem services. Reproduced with permission from Patterson and Coelho ; MEA .
Figure 2.

Payment for Ecosystem Service (PES) systems are designed to internalise otherwise external costs. The three columns illustrate private benefits (above the bar) and public costs (below the bar) as measured for business as usual (left column), conservation only strategy (middle column), and conservation paired with PES (right column). It is anticipated that a land manager will choose the option heanticipates will deliver the highest private benefit. In the third column, PES is proposed to turn what would be a public cost into a private benefit. Reproduced with permission from Patterson and Coelho ; Engel et al. .
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Further Reading

ten Brink P (ed.) (2010) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in National and International Policy Making. London: Earthscan, 390p.

EUSTAFOR and Patterson T (2011) Ecosystem Services in European State Forests. Brussels: European State Forest Association, 40p.

Kumar P (ed.) (2010) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations. London: Earthscan, 456p.

Sukhdev P, Wittmer H, Nesshöver C et al. (2011) The TEEB Report Series: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. United Nations Environment Program, Geneva. Available for download from the TEEB website http://www.teebweb.org/InformationMaterial/TEEBReports/tabid/1278/Default.aspx.

Related Sub-Topics:

Biomes and Ecosystems | Conservation and Management | Human Impacts
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Article Title: Ecosystem Services
 
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Patterson, Trista M(Dec 2011) Ecosystem Services. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net [doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0021902]