| References |
|
|
Bloisi W,
Colombo I,
Garavaglia B et al.
(1990)
Purification and properties of carnitine acetyltransferase from human liver.
European Journal of Biochemistry
189:
539546.
|
|
|
Brass EP and
Hoppel CL
(1980)
Relationship between acid-soluble carnitine and coenzyme A pools in vivo.
Biochemical Journal
190:
495504.
|
|
|
Chave KJ,
Snell K and
Sanders PG
(1997)
Isolation and characterisation of human genomic sequences encoding cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
Biochemical Society Transactions
25:
53S.
|
|
|
Costell M,
O'connor JE and
Grisolia S
(1989)
Age-dependent decrease of carnitine content in muscle of mice and humans.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
161:
11351143.
|
|
|
Demarquoy J,
Georges B,
Rigault C et al.
(2004)
Radioisotopic determination of l-carnitine content in foods commonly eaten in Western countries.
Food Chemistry
86:
137142.
|
|
|
Dutta A,
Ray K,
Singh VK et al.
(2008)
l-carnitine supplementation attenuates intermittent hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and delays muscle fatigue in rats.
Experimental Physiology
93:
11391146.
|
|
|
Eichler K,
Bourgis F,
Buchet A,
Kleber HP and
Mandrand-Berthelot MA
(1994)
Molecular characterization of the cai operon necessary for carnitine metabolism in Escherichia coli.
Molecular Microbiology
13:
775786.
|
|
|
Evans AM and
Fornasini G
(2003)
Pharmacokinetics of l-carnitine.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
42:
941967.
|
|
|
Ferdinandusse S,
Mulders J,
Ijlst L et al.
(1999)
Molecular cloning and expression of human carnitine octanoyltransferase: evidence for its role in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
263:
213218.
|
|
|
Galland S,
Le Borgne F,
Georges B and
Demarquoy J
(2001)
Carnitine, cellular and molecular aspects.
Recent Results in Developmental Lipids
5:
114.
|
|
|
Georges B,
Galland S,
Rigault C,
Le Borgne F and
Demarquoy J
(2003)
Beneficial effects of l-carnitine in myoblastic C2C12 cells. Interaction with zidovudine.
Biochemical Pharmacology
65:
14831488.
|
|
|
Ghisla S
(2004)
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids. A century of discovery.
European Journal of Biochemistry
271:
459461.
|
|
|
Gross CJ and
Henderson LM
(1984)
Absorption of d- and l-carnitine by the intestine and kidney tubule in the rat.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
772:
209219.
|
|
|
Gulewitsch V and
Krimberg R
(1905)
Zur Kerntris der Extraktiostoffe der Muskein R. Mitteilung Veber das carnitine.
Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie
45:
326330.
|
|
|
Hromadova M,
Parrak V,
Huttova M,
Danova K and
Urvolgyova M
(1994)
Carnitine level and several lipid parameters in venous blood of newborns, cord blood and maternal blood and milk.
Endocrine regulations
28:
4752.
|
|
|
Hulse JD and
Henderson LM
(1980)
Carnitine biosynthesis. Purification of 4-N¢-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from beef liver.
Journal of Biological Chemistry
255:
11461151.
|
|
|
Kleber HP
(1997)
Bacterial carnitine metabolism.
FEMS Microbiology Letters
147:
19.
|
|
|
Kuwajima M,
Lu K,
Harashima H et al.
(1996)
Carnitine transport defect in fibroblasts of juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mouse.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
223:
283287.
|
|
|
Le Borgne F and
Demarquoy J
(2003)
Carnitine and athletic performance.
Science & Sports
18:
125133.
|
|
|
Madiraju P,
Pande SV,
Prentki M and
Madiraju SR
(2009)
Mitochondrial acetylcarnitine provides acetyl groups for nuclear histone acetylation.
Epigenetics
4:
399403.
|
|
|
Matalliotakis I,
Koumantaki Y,
Evageliou A et al.
(2000)
l-carnitine levels in the seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men: correlation with sperm quality.
International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine
45:
236240.
|
|
|
Melegh B
(2004)
The human OCTN2 carnitine transporter and its mutations.
Orvosi Hetilap
145:
679686.
|
|
|
Meru AV,
Mittra S,
Thyagarajan B and
Chugh A
(2006)
Intermittent claudication: an overview.
Atherosclerosis
187:
221237.
|
|
|
Monfregola J,
Napolitano G,
Conte I et al.
(2007)
Functional characterization of the TMLH gene: promoter analysis, in situ hybridization, identification and mapping of alternative splicing variants.
Gene
395:
8697.
|
|
|
Ramsay RR,
Gandour RD and
Van Der Leij FR
(2001)
Molecular enzymology of carnitine transfer and transport.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
1546:
2143.
|
|
|
Ramsay RR and
Zammit VA
(2004)
Carnitine acyltransferases and their influence on CoA pools in health and disease.
Molecular Aspects of Medicine
25:
475493.
|
|
|
Rigault C,
Le Borgne F and
Demarquoy J
(2006)
Genomic structure, alternative maturation and tissue expression of the human BBOX1 gene.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
1761:
14691481.
|
|
|
Rigault C,
Mazué F,
Bernard A,
Demarquoy J and
Le Borgne F
(2008)
Changes in l-carnitine content of fish and meat during domestic cooking.
Meat Science
78:
331335.
|
|
|
Seim H,
Loster H,
Claus R,
Kleber HP and
Strack E
(1982)
Stimulation of the anaerobic growth of Salmonella typhimurium by reduction of l-carnitine, carnitine derivatives and structure-related trimethylammonium compounds.
Archives of Microbiology
132:
9195.
|
|
|
Stanley WC and
Sabbah HN
(2005)
Metabolic therapy for ischemic heart disease: the rationale for inhibition of fatty acid oxidation.
Heart Failure Reviews
10:
275279.
|
|
|
Strijbis K,
Vaz FM and
Distel B
(2010)
Enzymology of the carnitine biosynthesis pathway.
IUBMB Life
62:
357362.
|
|
|
Valko M,
Leibfritz D,
Moncol J et al.
(2007)
Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease.
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
39:
4484.
|
|
|
Virmani A,
Gaetani F,
Imam S,
Binienda Z and
Ali S
(2003)
Possible mechanism for the neuroprotective effects of l-carnitine on methamphetamine-evoked neurotoxicity.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
993:
197207, discussion 287288.
|
|
|
Woollard DC,
Indyk HE and
Woollard GA
(1999)
Carnitine in milk: a survey of content, distribution and temporal variation.
Food Chemistry
66:
121127.
|
| Further Reading |
|
|
Hedayati SS
(2006)
Dialysis-related carnitine disorder.
Seminars in Dialysis
19(4):
323328.
|
|
|
Jogl G,
Hsiao YS and
Tong L
(2004)
Structure and function of carnitine acyltransferases.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1033:
1729.
|
|
|
Rufer AC,
Thoma R and
Hennig M
(2009)
Structural insight into function and regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase.
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
66(15):
24892501.
|
|
|
Sanz A,
Pamplona R and
Barja G
(2006)
Is the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging intact?
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
8(34):
582599.
|
|
|
Schrader M and
Fahimi HD
(2008)
The peroxisome: still a mysterious organelle.
Histochemistry and Cell Biology
129(4):
421440.
|
|
|
Stephens FB,
Constantin-Teodosiu D and
Greenhaff PL
(2007)
New insights concerning the role of carnitine in the regulation of fuel metabolism in skeletal muscle.
Journal of physiology
581(part 2):
431444.
|
|
|
Wallace DC,
Fan W and
Procaccio V
(2010)
Mitochondrial energetics and therapeutics.
Annual Review of Pathology
5:
297348.
|
|
|
Zammit VA,
Ramsay RR,
Bonomini M and
Arduini A
(2009)
Carnitine, mitochondrial function and therapy.
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
61(14):
13531362.
|